新闻报道名誉侵权抗辩之合理核实义务研究——基于《民法典》第1025条和1026条之分析
Research on the Reasonable Verification Obligation of Defense against Reputation In-fringement of News Reports—Analysis Based on Articles 1025 and 1026 of the “Civil Code”

随着网络传播技术的快速发展，新闻报道名誉侵权案件日渐增多，合理核实义务作为一种抗辩事由，对平衡名誉权与言论自由之间的矛盾关系具有重要作用。我国《民法典》第1025条与第1026条明确了“合理核实义务”抗辩事由，使得“合理核实义务”第一次以法律文本的形式被规定并合法化。遗憾的是，现针对“合理核实义务”的相关法律文本并未完全吸收关于解决新闻报道名誉侵权案件所取得的宝贵经验，还存在着合理核实义务主体不明、合理核实义务的适用范围与审查范围模糊以及合理核实义务抗辩的认定标准不清等问题。构建合理核实义务抗辩制度必须改变原有的“重名誉而轻言论自由”的模式，保障公民的言论自由与舆论监督的权利。首先，明确合理核实义务的主体，将公民个人与其他非专业组织纳入到合理核实义务的主体范畴；其次，扩大合理核实义务的适用与审查范围；最后，建立分级认定核实义务标准制度。如此，以增强我国合理核实义务抗辩制度的科学性与可操作性。
With the rapid development of network communication technology, the number of reputation infringement cases in news reports is increasing day by day. As a defense, the obligation of reasonable verification plays an important role in balancing the contradictory relationship between reputation right and freedom of speech. Article 1025 and Article 1026 of China’s Civil Code clearly define the defense of “reasonable verification obligation”, which makes “reasonable verification obligation” stipulated and legalized in the form of legal text for the first time. Unfortunately, the current legal text on the “obligation of reasonable verification” has not fully absorbed the valuable experience of solving the cases of reputation infringement in news reports, and there are still problems such as unclear subject of the obligation of reasonable verification, vague scope of application and scope of review of the obligation of reasonable verification, and unclear standards for determining the defense of the obligation of reasonable verification. To construct the defense system of reasonable verification obligation, it is necessary to change the original mode of “attaching importance to reputation but neglecting freedom of speech” and protect citizens’ right of freedom of speech and supervision by public opinion. First, the subject of reasonable verification obligation is clarified, and individual citizens and other non-professional organizations are included in the subject category of reasonable verification obligation. Secondly, we expand the scope of application and examination of reasonable verification obligation; Finally, we establish a standard system of classification verification obligations to enhance our reasonable verification obligation defense system scientific and operational.