全部 标题 作者
关键词 摘要

OALib Journal期刊
ISSN: 2333-9721
费用：99美元
投递稿件

查看量下载量

相关文章

更多...

The Great Cholesterol Quandary and Global Consciousness Awakening

DOI: 10.4236/wjcd.2023.1311064, PP. 718-755

Keywords: Atherosclerosis, Cholesterol, Statin, Nobel Laureates, Hypocholesterolemia, Global Consciousness

Full-Text   Cite this paper   Add to My Lib

Abstract:

Ancestors of human species have been living on the planet earth for about six million years while the modern form of humans only evolved about 200,000 years ago. Civilization is only about 6000 years old, and industrialization started in the 1800s. World population interconnectedness is enhanced with love and mercy but disrupted with dishonest, lies and wars. Human species has been feeding on animal fat as the finest and prime source of energy for all human history. In 1953 Ancel Keys and collaborates illusionized human kind that their historical source of energy is toxic. Massive health, behavioral as well as economic consequences followed. Human hearts known historically to be the seat of spirit, soul and emotions is proven by our group to orchestrate with global energetic fields. Global consciousness as represented by the planetary electromagnetic fields is in critical need to be feed with awakening merciful information. Documents refuting Ancek Keys dogma and reverting humanity to the truth in their energy source is presented in this review. The harmony we expect is not only physiological but will affect our global planetary environment for the wellbeing of human species in earth.

 References

[1]  Scherstén, T., Rosch, P.J., Arfors, K.E. and Sundberg, R. (2011) The Cholesterol Hypothesis: Time for the Obituary? Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 45, 322-323.
https://doi.org/10.3109/14017431.2011.613203
[2]  Kuijpers, P.M.J.C. (2021) History in Medicine: The Story of Cholesterol, Lipids and Cardiology. e-Journal of Cardiology Practice, 19, page.
[3]  Adams, D.D. (2011) The Great Cholesterol Myth; Unfortunate Consequences of Brown and Goldstein’s Mistake. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 104, 867-870.
https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcr087
[4]  Diamond, D.M., Alabdulgader, A.A., de Lorgeril, M., et al. (2021) Dietary Recommendations for Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: An Evidence-Free Zone. BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine, 26, 295-301.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjebm-2020-111412
[5]  Ravnskov, U., de Lorgeril, M., Diamond, D.M., et al. (2018) LDL-C Does Not Cause Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Review of the Current Literature. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 11, 959-970.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2018.1519391
[6]  Ravnskov, U., de Lorgeril, M., Kendrick, M. and Diamond, D.M. (2018) Inborn Coagulation Factors Are More Important Cardiovascular Risk Factors than High LDL-Cholesterol in Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Medical Hypotheses, 121, 60-63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2018.09.019
[7]  Okuyama, H., Hamazaki, T., Hama, R., et al. (2018) A Critical Review of the Consensus Statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel 2017. Pharmacology, 101, 184-218.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000486374
[8]  Cromwell, W.C., Otvos, J.D., Keyes, M.J., et al. (2007) LDL Particle Number and Risk of Future Cardiovascular Disease in the Framingham Offspring Study— Implications for LDL Management. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 1, 583-592.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2007.10.001
[9]  Bittencourt, M.S., Nasir, K., Santos, R.D. and Al-Mallah, M.H. (2020) Very High LDL Cholesterol: The Power of Zero Passes Another Test. Atherosclerosis, 292, 207-208.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.019
[10]  Ravnskov, U., Diamond, D.M., Hama, R., et al. (2016) Lack of an Association or an Inverse Association between Low-Density-Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Mortality in the Elderly: A Systematic Review. BMJ Open, 6, e010401.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010401
[11]  Cole, T.G., Pfleger, B., Hitchins, O., et al. (1985) Effects of High Cholesterol High Fat Diet on Plasma Lipoproteins in Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Metabolism, 34, 486-493.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(85)90216-1
[12]  Aldana-Bitar, J., Moore, J. and Budoff, M.J. (2021) LDL Receptor and Pathogen Processes: Functions beyond Normal Lipids. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 15, 773-781.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2021.09.048
[13]  Jones, H.B., Gofman, J.W., Lindgren, F.T., Lyon, T.P., Graham, D.M., Strisower, B. and Nichols, A.V. (1951) Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis. The American Journal of Medicine, 11, 358-380.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0002934351901714
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9343(51)90171-4
[14]  Gofman, J.W., Young, W. and Tandy, R. (1966) Ischemic Heart Disease, Atherosclerosis, and Longevity. Circulation, 34, 679-697.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.34.4.679
[15]  Little, J.A., Shanoff, H.M., Roe, R.D., Csima, A.C. and Yano, R. (1965) Studies of Male Survivors of Myocardial Infarction: IV. Serum Lipids and Five-Year Survival. Circulation, 31, 854-862.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.31.6.854
[16]  Paterson, J.C., Cornish, B.R. and Armstrong, E.C. (1956) Serum Lipids in Human Atherosclerosis. Circulation, 13, 224-234.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.13.2.224
[17]  Paterson, J.C., Armstrong, R. and Armstrong, E.C. (1963) Serum Lipid Levels and the Severity of Coronary and Cerebral Atherosclerosis in Adequately Nourished men, 60 to 69 Years of Age. Circulation, 27, 229-236.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.27.2.229
[18]  Keys, A. (1953) Atherosclerosis: A Problem in Newer Public Health. Journal of the Mount Sinai Hospital New York, 20, 118-139.
[19]  Keys, A., Mienotti, A., Karvonen, M.J., Aravanis, C., Blackburn, H., Buzina, R., Djordjevic, B.S., Dontas, A.S., Fidanza, F., Keys, M.H., Kromhout, D., Nedeljkovic, S., Punsar, S., Seccareccia, F. and Toshima, H. (1986) The Diet and 15-Year Death Rate in the Seven Countries Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 124, 903-915.
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114480
[20]  Yerushalmy, J. and Hilleboe, H.E. (1957) Fat in the Diet and Mortality from Heart Disease. A Methodologic Note. New York State Journal of Medicine, 57, 2343-2354.
[21]  Diamond, D.M. and Ravnskov, U. (2015) How Statistical Deception Created the Appearance That Statins Are Safe and Effective in Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 8, 201-210.
https://doi.org/10.1586/17512433.2015.1012494
[22]  Oliver, M., Poole-Wilson, P., Shepherd, J. and Tikkanen, M.J. (1995) Lower Patients’ Cholesterol Now. BMJ, 310, 1280-1281.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6990.1280
[23]  Abdullah, A. (2017) The Major Chloestrol Myth: Proceedings of King of Organs International Conferences for Advanced Cardiac Sciences (2006, 2008, 2010, 2012). World Organization for Scientific Cooperation (WOSCO) Part 2, Munich.
[24]  Abdullah, A. (2017) Future of Cardiovascular Practice: Alert to Change or Call for Revolution. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine and Therapeutics, 1, 1.
[25]  Ravnskov, U. (2002) A Hypothesis Out-of-Date: The Diet-Heart Idea. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 55, 1057-1063.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(02)00504-8
[26]  Lindholm, L.H. and Samuelsson, O. (2003) What Are the Odds at ASCOT Today? The Lancet, 361, 1144-1145.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12977-7
[27]  Thompson, A. and Temple, N.J. (2004) The Case for Statins: Has It Really Been Made? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 97, 461-464.
https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.97.10.461
[28]  Lande, K.E. and Sperry, W.M. (1936) Human Atherosclerosis in Relation to Cholesterol Content of Blood Serum. Archives of Pathology, 22, 301-312.
[29]  Stone, N.J., Robinson, J., Lichtenstein, A.H., et al. (2014) 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 129, S1-S45.
[30]  Roberts, W.C. (1996) The Underused Miracle Drugs: The Statin Drugs Are to Atherosclerosis What Penicillin Was to Infectious Disease. American Journal of Cardiology, 78, 377-378.
[31]  Jeger, R. and Dieterle, T. (2012) Statins: Have We Found the Holy Grail? Swiss Medical Weekly, 142, w13515.
https://doi.org/10.4414/smw.2012.13515
[32]  Goldstein, J.L. and Brown, M.S. (2015) A Century of Cholesterol and Coronaries: From Plaques to Genes to Statins. Cell, 161, 161-172.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.036
[33]  Ravnskov, U., et al. (2016) Lack of an Association or an Inverse Association between Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Mortality in the Elderly: A Systematic Review. BMJ Open, 6, e010401.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010401
[34]  Stang, A. (2010) Critical Evaluation of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for the Assessment of the Quality of Nonrandomized Studies in Meta-Analyses. European Journal of Epidemiology, 25, 603-605.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-010-9491-z
[35]  Zimetbaum, P., Frishman, W.H., Ooi, W.L., et al. (1992) Plasma Lipids and Lipoproteins and the Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease in the Very Elderly: The Bronx Aging Study. Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis: A Journal of Vascular Biology, 12, 416-423.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.12.4.416
[36]  Akerblom, J.L., Costa, R., Luchsinger, J.A., et al. (2008) Relation of Plasma Lipids to All-Cause Mortality in Caucasian, African-American and Hispanic Elders. Age and Ageing, 37, 207-213.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn017
[37]  Bathum, L., Depont Christensen, R., Engers Pedersen, L., et al. (2013) Association of Lipoprotein Levels with Mortality in Subjects Aged 50 + without Previous Diabetes or Cardiovascular Disease: A Population-Based Register Study. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care, 31, 172-180.
https://doi.org/10.3109/02813432.2013.824157
[38]  Lv, Y.B., Yin, Z.X., Chei, C.L., et al. (2015) Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Was Inversely Associated with 3-Year All-Cause Mortality among Chinese Oldest Old: Data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Atherosclerosis, 239, 137-142.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.002
[39]  Pinckney, E.R. and Pinckney, C. (1975) The Cholesterol Controversy. Sherbourne Press, Los Angeles.
[40]  Smith, R.L. (1991) The Cholesterol Conspiracy. Warren H. Green, St. Louis.
[41]  Ravnskov, U. (1991) An Elevated Serum Cholesterol Level Is Secondary, Not Causal, in Coronary Heart Disease. Medical Hypotheses, 36, 238-241.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(91)90140-T
[42]  Berger, M. (1992) The Cholesterol Non-Consensus: Methodological Difficulties in the Interpretation of Epidemiological Studies. In: Somogyi, J.C., Biró, G. and Hotze, D., Eds., Nutrition and Cardiovascular Risks, Karger International, Basil, 125-130.
https://doi.org/10.1159/000421441
[43]  Gurr, M.L. (1992) Dietary Lipids and Coronary Heart Disease: Old Evidence, New Perspective. Progress in Lipid Research, 31, 195-243.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827(92)90009-8
[44]  McMichael, J. (1979) Fats and Atheroma: An Inquest. The BMJ, 1, 173-175.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.6157.173
[45]  Grimes, D.S. (2012) An Epidemic of Coronary Heart Disease. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 105, 509-518.
https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcr265
[46]  Marshall, T.M. (2014) New Insights into the Statin-Cholesterol Controversy. Journal of the American Physicians and Surgeons, 19, 42-46.
[47]  Ravnskov, U. (2003) High Cholesterol May Protect against Infections and Atherosclerosis. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 96, 927-934.
https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcg150
[48]  Jacobs, D., Blackburn, H., Higgins, M., et al. (1992) Report of the Conference on Low Blood Cholesterol: Mortality Associations. Circulation, 86, 1046-1060.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.86.3.1046
[49]  Iribarren, C., Jacobs Jr., D.R., Sidney, S., Claxton, A.J. and Feingold, K.R. (1998) Cohort Study of Serum Total Cholesterol and In-Hospital Incidence of Infectious Diseases. Epidemiology & Infection, 121, 335-347.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268898001435
[50]  Read, S.A. and Douglas, M.W. (2014) Virus Induced Inflammation and Cancer Development. Cancer Letters, 345, 174-181.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2013.07.030
[51]  Ravnskov, U., McCully, K.S. and Rosch, P.J. (2012) The Statin-Low Cholesterol-Cancer Conundrum. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 105, 383-388.
https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcr243
[52]  Newman, T.B. and Hulley, S.B. (1996) Carcinogenicity of Lipid-Lowering Drugs. JAMA, 275, 55-60.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1996.03530250059028
[53]  Neil, H.A., Hawkins, M.M., Durrington, P.N., et al. (2005) Non-Coronary Heart Disease Mortality and Risk of Fatal Cancer in Patients with Treated Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolaemia: A Prospective Registry Study. Atherosclerosis, 179, 293-297.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.10.011
[54]  Reddy, V.S., Bui, Q.T., Jacobs, J.R., et al. (2015) Relationship between Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and In-Hospital Mortality following Acute Myocardial Infarction (The Lipid Paradox). The American Journal of Cardiology, 115, 557-562.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2014.12.006
[55]  Sachdeva, A., Cannon, C.P., Deedwania, P.C., et al. (2009) Lipid Levels in Patients Hospitalized with Coronary Artery Disease: An Analysis of 136,905 Hospitalizations in Get with the Guidelines. American Heart Journal, 157, 111-117.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.08.010
[56]  Al-Mallah, M.H., Hatahet, H., Cavalcante, J.L., et al. (2009) Low Admission LDL- Cholesterol Is Associated with Increased 3-Year All-Cause Mortality in Patients with Non ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Cardiology Journal, 16, 227-233.
[57]  Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group (2002) MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of Cholesterol Lowering with Simvastatin in 20536 High-Risk Individuals: A Randomised Placebocontrolled Trial. The Lancet, 360, 7-22.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09327-3
[58]  Yusuf, S. (2002) Two Decades of Progress in Preventing Vascular Disease. The Lancet, 360, 2-3.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09358-3
[59]  Sever, P.S., Dahlof, B., Poulter, N.R., et al. (2003) Prevention of Coronary and Stroke Events with Atorvastatin in Hypertensive Patients Who Have Average or Lower-than-Average Cholesterol Concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): A Multicentre Randomised Controlled Trial. The Lancet, 361, 1149-1158.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12948-0
[60]  Ridker, P.M., Danielson, E., Fonseca, F.A., et al. (2008) Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359, 2195-2207.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0807646
[61]  Prospective Studies Collaboration (1995) Cholesterol, Diastolic Blood Pressure, and Stroke: 13,000 Strokes in 450,000 People in 45 Prospective Cohorts. The Lancet, 346, 1647-1653.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(95)92836-7
[62]  de Groot, E., Jukema, J.W., van Swijndregt, A.D.M., Zwinderman, A.H., Ackerstaff, R.G., van der Steen, A.F., Bom, N., Lie, K.I. and Bruschke, A.V. (1998) B-Mode Ultrasound Assessment of Pravastatin Treatment Effect on Carotid and Femoral Artery Walls and Its Correlations with Coronary Arteriographic Findings: A Report of the Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 31, 1561-1567.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(98)00170-3
[63]  Mullenix, P.S., Andersen, C.A. and Starnes, B.W. (2005) Atherosclerosis as Inflammation. Annals of Vascular Surgery, 19, 130-138.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10016-004-0153-z
[64]  Ridker, P.M., Cushman, M., Stampfer, M.J., Tracy, R.P. and Hennekens, C.H. (1997) Inflammation, Aspirin, and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Apparently Healthy Men. The New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 973-979.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199704033361401
[65]  Ridker, P.M., Hennekens, C.H., Buring, J.E. and Rifai, N. (2000) C-Reactive Protein and Other Markers of Inflammation in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease in Women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 342, 836-843.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200003233421202
[66]  Ridker, P.M., Rifai, N., Stampfer, M.J. and Hennekens, C.H. (2000) Plasma Concentration of Interleukin-6 and the Risk of Future Myocardial Infarction among Apparently Healthy Men. Circulation, 101, 1767-1772.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.101.15.1767
[67]  Ridker, P.M., Hennekens, C.H., Roitman-Johnson, B., Stampfer, M.J. and Allen, J. (1998) Plasma Concentration of Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule 1 and Risks of Future Myocardial Infarction in Apparently Healthy Men. The Lancet, 351, 88-92.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)09032-6
[68]  Hwang, S.J., Ballantyne, C.M., Sharrett, A.R., Smith, L.C., Davis, C.E., Gotto Jr., A.M. and Boerwinkle, E. (1997) Circulating Adhesion Molecules VCAM-1, ICAM- 1, and E-Selectin in Carotid Atherosclerosis and Incident Coronary Heart Disease Cases: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation, 96, 4219-4225.
https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.96.12.4219
[69]  Harris, T.B., Ferrucci, L., Tracy, R.P., Corti, M.C., Wacholder, S., Ettinger Jr., W.H., Heimovitz, H., Cohen, H.J. and Wallace, R. (1999) Associations of Elevated Interleukin-6 and C-Reactive Protein Levels with Mortality in the Elderly. The American Journal of Medicine, 106, 506-512.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00066-2
[70]  Danesh, J., Whincup, P., Walker, M., Lennon, L., Thomson, A., Appleby, P., Gallimore, J.R. and Pepys, M.B. (2000) Low Grade Inflammation and Coronary Heart Disease: Prospective Study and Updated Meta-Analyses. The BMJ, 321, 199-204.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.321.7255.199
[71]  Albert, M.A., Danielson, E., Rifai, N., et al. (2001) Effect of Statin Therapy on C- Reactive Protein Levels. The Pravastatin Inflammation/CRP Evaluation (PRINCE): A Randomized Trial and Cohort Study. JAMA, 286, 64-70.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.1.64
[72]  Bu, D.X., Griffin, G. and Lichtman, A.H. (2011) Mechanisms for the Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Statins. Current Opinion in Lipidology, 22, 165-170.
https://doi.org/10.1097/MOL.0b013e3283453e41
[73]  Alsheikh-Ali, A.A., Maddukuri, P.V., Han, H. and Karas, R.H. (2007) Effect of the Magnitude of Lipid Lowering on Risk of Elevated Liver Enzymes, Rhabdomyolysis, and Cancer: Insights from Large Randomized Statin Trials. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 50, 409-418.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.073
[74]  Ravnskov, U. and McCully, K.M. (2009) Vulnerable Plaque Formation from Obstruction of Vasa Vasorum by Homocysteinylated and Oxidized Lipoprotein Aggregates Complexed with Microbial Remnants and LDL Autoantibodies. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, 39, 3-16.
[75]  Ravnskov, U., Alabdulgader, A. and McCully, K.S. (2023) Infections May Cause Arterial Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, Myocarditis and Cardiovascular Disease. Medical Research Archives, 11, 1-8.
https://doi.org/10.18103/mra.v11i5.3866
[76]  Chen, Z., Keech, A., Collins, R., et al. (1993) Prolonged Infection with Hepatitis B Virus and Association between Low Blood Cholesterol Concentration and Liver Cancer. The BMJ, 306, 890-894.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6882.890
[77]  Ravnskov, U., Rosch, P.J. and McCully, K.S. (2012) The Statin-Low Cholesterol-Cancer Conundrum. QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 105, 383-388.
https://doi.org/10.1093/qjmed/hcr243
[78]  Sacks, F.M., Pfeffer, M.A., Moye, L.A., et al. (1996) The Effect of Pravastatin on Coronary Events after Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Average Cholesterol Levels. The New England Journal of Medicine, 335, 1001-1009.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199610033351401
[79]  Golomb, B.A., Evans, M.A., Dimsdale, J.E., et al. (2012) Effects of Statins on Energy and Fatigue with Exertion: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial. Archives of Internal Medicine, 172, 1180-1182.
https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2012.2171
[80]  Sinzinger, H., Wolfram, R. and Peskar, B.A. (2002) Muscular Side Effects of Statins. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, 40, 163-171.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005344-200208000-00001
[81]  Sinzinger, H. and O’Grady, J. (2004) Professional Athletes Suffering from Familial Hypercholesterolaemia Rarely Tolerate Statin Treatment Because of Muscular Problems. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 57, 525-528.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2003.02044.x
[82]  Thompson, P.D., Clarkson, P. and Karas, R.H. (2003) Statin-Associated Myopathy. JAMA, 289, 1681-1690.
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.13.1681
[83]  Phillips, P.S., Haas, R.H., Bannykh, S., et al. (2002) Statin-Associated Myopathy with Normal Creatine Kinase Levels. Annals of Internal Medicine, 137, 581-585.
https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-137-7-200210010-00009
[84]  Baker, S.K. and Tarnopolsky, M.A. (2005) Statin-Associated Neuromyotoxicity. Drugs of Today, 41, 267-293.
https://doi.org/10.1358/dot.2005.41.4.908565
[85]  Paiva, H., Thelen, K.M., Van Coster, R., et al. (2005) High-Dose Statins and Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Humans: A Randomized, Controlled Trial. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 78, 60-68.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clpt.2005.03.006
[86]  Crane, F.L., Hatefi, Y., Lester, R.L. and Widmer, C. (1989) Isolation of a Quinone from Beef Heart Mitochondria. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1000, 362-363.
[87]  Ghirlanda, G., Oradei, A., Manto, A., et al. (1993) Evidence of Plasma CoQ10- Lowering Effect by HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors: A Double-Blind, Placebo- Controlled Study. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 33, 226-229.
https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1552-4604.1993.tb03948.x
[88]  James, A.M., Smith, R.A. and Murphy, M.P. (2004) Antioxidant and Prooxidant Properties of Mitochondrial Coenzyme Q. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 423, 47-56.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2003.12.025
[89]  Arroyo, A., Navarro, F., Gomez-Diaz, C., et al. (2000) Interactions between Ascorbyl Free Radical and Coenzyme Q at the Plasma Membrane. Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes, 32, 199-210.
https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005568132027
[90]  Constantinescu, A., Maguire, J.J. and Packer, L. (1994) Interactions between Ubiquinones and Vitamins in Membranes and Cells. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 15, 57-65.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0098-2997(94)90013-2
[91]  Marcoff, L. and Thompson, P.D. (2007) The Role of Coenzyme Q10 in Statin- Associated Myopathy: A Systematic Review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 49, 2231-2237.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.02.049
[92]  Muldoon, M.F., Manuck, S.B. and Matthew, H.A. (1990) Lowering Cholesterol Concentrations and Mortality: A Quantitative Review of Primary Prevention Trials. The BMJ, 301, 309-314.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.301.6747.309
[93]  Boston, P.F., Dursun, S.M. and Reveley, M.A. (1996) Cholesterol and Mental Disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 682-689.
https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.169.6.682
[94]  Asellus, P., Nordstrom, P., Nordstrom, A.L. and Jokinen, J. (2014) Cholesterol and the “Cycle of Violence” in Attempted Suicide. Psychiatry Research, 215, 646-650.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.01.009
[95]  Agargün, M.Y., Algün, E., Sekeroglu, R., Kara, H. and Tarakcioglu, M. (1998) Low Cholesterol Level in Patients with Panic Disorder: The Association with Major Depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 50, 29-32.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-0327(97)00194-8
[96]  Kim, J.M., Stewart, R., Shin, I.S., et al. (2002) Low Cholesterol, cognitive Function and Alzheimer s Disease in a Community Population with Cognitive Impairment. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 6, 320-323.
[97]  Ozer, O.A., Kutanis, R. and Agargun, M.Y. (2004) Serum Lipid Levels, Suicidality, and Panic Disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 45, 95-98.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2003.12.004
[98]  Vilibic, M., Jukic, V., Pandzic-Sakoman, M., Bilic, P. and Milosevic, M. (2014) Association between Total Serum Cholesterol and Depression, Aggression, and Suicidal Ideations in War Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Cross- Sectional Study. Croatian Medical Journal, 55, 520-529.
https://doi.org/10.3325/cmj.2014.55.520
[99]  Davison, K.M. and Kaplan, B.J. (2014) Lipophilic Statin Use and Suicidal Ideation in a Sample of Adults with Mood Disorders. Crisis, 35, 278-282.
https://doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000260
[100]  Kim, Y.K., Lee, H.J., Kim, J.Y., et al. (2002) Low Serum Cholesterol Is Correlated to Suicidality in a Korean Sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 105, 141-148.
https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.10352.x
[101]  Hoyer, S. and Riederer, P. (2007) Alzheimer Disease—No Target for Statin Treatment. Neurochemical Research, 32, 695-706.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-006-9168-x
[102]  Evans, M.A. and Golomb, B.A. (2009) Statin-Associated Adverse Cognitive Effects: Survey Results from 171 Patients. Pharmacotherapy, 29, 800-811.
https://doi.org/10.1592/phco.29.7.800
[103]  Smith, D.W., Lemli, L. and Opitz, J.M. (1964) A Newly Recognized Syndrome of Multiple Congenital Anomalies. The Journal of Pediatrics, 64, 210-221.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(64)80264-X
[104]  DeBarber, A.E., Eroglu, Y., Merkens, L.S. and Pappu, A.S. (2011) Smith-Lemli- Opitz Syndrome. Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine, 13, E24.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S146239941100189X
[105]  Lanoue, L., Dehart, D.B., Hinsdale, M.E., Maeda, N., Tint, G.S. and Sulik, K.K. (1997) Limb, Genital, CNS, and Facial Malformations Result from Gene/Environment- Induced Cholesterol Deficiency: Further Evidence for a Link to Sonic Hedgehog. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 73, 24-31.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19971128)73:1<24::AID-AJMG6>3.0.CO;2-P
[106]  Gallet, A., Rodriguez, R., Ruel, L. and Therond, P.P. (2003) Cholesterol Modification of Hedgehog Is Required for Trafficking and Movement, Revealing an Asymmetric Cellular Response to Hedgehog. Developmental Cell, 4, 191-204.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00031-5
[107]  Huang, S.S., Liu, L.H., Chin, C.L., Chang, L.M., Johnson, F.E. and Huang, J.S. (2017) 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), But Not Cholesterol, Causes Suppression of Canonical TGF-β Signaling and Is Likely Involved in the Development of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD). Journal of Cellular Biochemistry, 118, 1387-1400.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.25797
[108]  Sultan, S. and Hynes, N. (2013) The Ugly Side of Statins. Systemic Appraisal of the Contemporary Un-Known Unknowns. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 3, 179-185.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojemd.2013.33025
[109]  Spence, D. (2013) Bad Medicine: Statins. The BMJ, 346, f3566.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f3566
[110]  McCartney, M. (2012) Statins for All? The BMJ, 345, e6044.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e6044
[111]  Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaborators (2012) The Effects of Lowering LDL Cholesterol with Statin Therapy in People at Low Risk of Vascular Disease: Meta-Analysis of Individual Data from 27 Randomised Trials. The Lancet, 380, 581-590.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60367-5
[112]  Abdullah, A. (2011) Natural Cataclysms and Global Problems of the Modern Civilization: Elchin Khalilov. Book of Abstracts of the World Forum—International Congress, Istanbul, 19-21 September 2011.
[113]  Dehghani, A. and Masoumi, G. (2020) Could SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 Be a Biological Weapon? Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49, 143-144.
https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49iS1.3691
[114]  Alabdulgader, A.A. (2017) The Human Heart Rate Variability; Neurobiology of Psychophysiological Well Being and Planetary Resonance. General Internal Medicine and Clinical Innovations, 2, 1-4.
https://doi.org/10.15761/GIMCI.1000141
[115]  Halberg, F., Cornélissen, G., McCraty, R., Czaplicki, J. and Al-Abdulgader, A.A. (2011) Time Structures (Chronomes) of the Blood Circulation, Populations’ Health, Human Affairs and Space Weather. World Heart Journal, 3, 1-42.
[116]  Alabdulgader, A., McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Dobyns, Y., Stolc, V. and Ragulskis, M. (2017) Long-Term Study of Heart Rate Variability Responses to Changes in the Solar and Geomagnetic Environment. Scientific Reports, 8, Article No. 2663.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-20932-x
[117]  Alabdulgader, A.A. (2012) Coherence: A Novel Nonpharmacological Modality for Lowering Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients. Global Advances in Integrative Medicine and Health, 1, 56-64.
https://doi.org/10.7453/gahmj.2012.1.2.011
[118]  Al-Abdulgader, A.A. (2016) Modulation of Heart Rate Variability: A Novel Nonpharmacological Modality for Lowering Blood Pressure in Hypertensive Patients. 9th Annual Meeting on Arrhythmia and Cardiac Surgery, Brisbane, 14-15 July 2016, 35.
[119]  Al-Abdulgader, A.A., Guillaume, G.C. and Halberg, F. (2011) Vascular Variability Disorders in the Middle East: Case Reports. World Heart Journal, 4, 261-277.
[120]  Alabdulgader, A. (2017) Neuropsychological Functioning after Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Surgery. In: Proietti, R., Manzoni, G., Pietrabissa, G. and Castelnuovo, G., Eds., Psychological, Emotional, Social and Cognitive Aspects of Implantable Cardiac Devices, Springer, Cham, 13-46.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55721-2_2
[121]  Alabdulgader, A. (2017) ICD in Children and Youth. In: Proietti, R., Manzoni, G., Pietrabissa, G. and Castelnuovo, G., Eds., Psychological, Emotional, Social and Cognitive Aspects of Implantable Cardiac Devices, Springer, Cham, 149-179.
[122]  Alabdulgader, A., McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Vainoras, A., Berskiene, K., et al. (2015) Human Heart Rhythm Sensitivity to Earth Local Magnetic Field Fluctuations. Journal of Vibroengineering, 17, 3271–3278.
[123]  McCraty, R. (2016) Science of the Heart, Volume 2 The Role of the Heart in Human Performance. HeartMath Institute, California.
[124]  Al Abdulgader, A.A. (2020) Human Consciousness: The Role of Cerebral and Cerebellar Cortex, Vagal Afferents, and Beyond. In: Baloyannis, S.J., Ed., Cerebral and Cerebellar Cortex—Interaction and Dynamics in Health and Disease, IntechOpen, London, 3-33.
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/74386
https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95040
[125]  Alabdulgader, A. (2021) Space and Human Consciousness: The Great Whisper. Natural Science, 13, 235-253.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ns.2021.137020
[126]  Al Abdulgader, A.A. (2021) Quantum Consciousness and the Heart Based Resonant Frequencies Theory. Archives in Neurology & Neuroscience, 9, 1-10.
https://doi.org/10.33552/ANN.2021.09.000719
[127]  Alabdulgader, A.A. (2020) Human Consciousness: The Universal Heart Based Resonant Frequencies and the Massive Ecosystems Hierarchy. Archives in Neurology & Neuroscience, 9, 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.33552/ANN.2020.09.000709
[128]  Timofejeva, I., McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Joffe, R., Vainoras, A., Alabdulgader, A.A. and Ragulskis, M. (2017) Identification of a Group’s Physiological Synchronization with Earth’s Magnetic Field. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, Article 998.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090998
[129]  McCraty, R., Atkinson, M., Stolc, V., Alabdulgader, A.A., Vainoras, A. and Ragulskis, M. (2017) Synchronization of Human Autonomic Nervous System Rhythms with Geomagnetic Activity in Human Subjects. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14, Article 770.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070770
[130]  McCraty, R. and Al Abdulgader, A. (2021) Consciousness, the Human Heart and the Global Energetic Field Environment. Cardiology & Vascular Research, 5, 1-19.
https://doi.org/10.33425/2639-8486.S1-1002
[131]  Barkin, J.S. (2023) The United Nations and Its Systems. In: International Organization, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-22559-8_6
[132]  Ravnskov, U., Alabdulgader, A., de Lorgeril, M., Diamond, D.M., Hama, R., Hamazaki, T., Hammarskjold, B., Harcombe, Z., Kendrick, M., Langsjoen, P., McCully, K.S., Okuyama, H., Sultan, S. and Sundberg, R. (2020) The New European Guidelines for Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Are Misleading. Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 13, 1289-1294.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2020.1841635
[133]  Dabhi, K.N., Gohil, N.V., Tanveer, N., Hussein, S., Pingili, S., Makkena, V.K., Jaramillo, A.P., Awosusi, B.L., Ayyub, J. and Nath, T.S. (2023) Assessing the Link between Statins and Insulin Intolerance: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 15, e42029.
https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.42029

Full-Text

Contact Us

service@oalib.com

QQ:3279437679

WhatsApp +8615387084133