水下文化遗产保护问题研究
Research on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage

水下文化遗产相较于普通的文化遗产，具有特殊的价值属性和地理位置，也为其保护过程中所出现的难题埋下了伏笔。《联合国海洋法公约》确定了水下文化的基础框架，但缺乏具体的管辖规则。《2001年公约》以《公约》为基础，构建了以协商合作为核心的水下文化遗产管辖机制，并细化了相关管辖规则。现行规范相关活动的国际公约虽起到了对水下文化遗产保护的指导性作用，但仍存在制度漏洞；各国国内有关水下遗产的国内法也存在差异，导致冲突时有发生。对于国际公约中的模糊规定，应作出相应明确和合理的法律解释，使更多国家成为缔约国，承担相应的权利与义务。同时，各国以最益于保护水下文化遗产的协议进行协商合作，以此减少各国间的冲突。
Compared with common cultural heritage, underwater cultural heritage has special value attributes and geographical location, which foreshadows the problems in the process of its protection. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea defines the basic framework of underwater culture, but lacks specific rules governing it. Based on the Convention, the 2001 Convention establishes a jurisdictional mechanism for underwater cultural heritage with consultation and cooperation at its core, and details relevant jurisdictional rules. Although the existing international conventions regulating related activities have played a guiding role in the protection of underwater cultural heritage, there are still loopholes in the system. There are also differences in domestic laws concerning underwater heritage within countries, leading to conflicts. As for the vague provisions in international conventions, corresponding clear and reasonable legal interpretations should be made, so that more countries can become parties and assume corresponding rights and obligations. At the same time, countries negotiate and cooperate on agreements that best protect underwater cultural heritage in order to reduce conflicts among countries.