The study was conducted to illustrate the physical profile of the three major rivers of Eastern Samar inside the SINP to serve as a reference for the river landscape. Highlights of the profile are river width, depth, water velocity and water flow rate, potential source, river stretch, flood height and flood plain as inputs to development and disaster planning. Data presented here were based on field surveys supported and guided by reference maps. Based on the survey, a potential source of Oras and Ulot-Can-avid Rivers is San Jose de Buan, Samar while Suribao River flows from the closed-canopy forest from Borongan-Maydolong-Llorente (Eastern Samar). Flooding and erosion were observed in the three rivers, but the highest silt deposits and the widest flood plain were in Oras River, with the highest water flow rate in the upstream. Erosion and quarrying were observed in all rivers. Bamboo reforestation is conducted in Suribao River as river bank erosion control measures. Results of the survey revealed the high risk to our rivers and river villagers due to flooding and erosion, in addition to the loss of properties and livelihood, and the ecological conservation of the landscape. Collective rehabilitation measures should be crafted for a unified action to address environmental issues parallel to development plans to promote but sustainably manage our resources and protect our villagers.
References
[1]
Asante, K.F., Abass, K. and Afriyie, K. (2014) Stone Quarrying and Livelihood Transformation in Peri-Urban. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 4, 93-107. https://www.iiste.or
[2]
Khan, A.A. and Bhuyan, M.I. (2019) Quarrying and Livelihood Issues of a Himalayan Foothill Village in Lakhimpur District. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8, 1052-1061. https://www.iiste.or
[3]
Tamayo, P.A. (2020) Characterizing the Effects of Quarrying Industry in Northern Philippines: A Mixed-Methods Study. Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems, 12, 746-752. https://doi.org/10.5373/JARDCS/V12SP8/20202577
[4]
Turyahabwe, R., Asaba, J., Mulabbi, A. and Osuna, C. (2021) Environmental and Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Stone Quarrying in Tororo District, Eastern Uganda. East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources, 4, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajenr.4.1.445
[5]
Nagel, G.W., Novo, E., Martins, V., Campos-Silva, J., Barbosa, C. and Bonnet, M. (2022) Impacts of Meander Migration on the Amazon Riverine Communities Using Land-Sat Time Series and Cloud Computing. Science of the Total Environment, 806, Article ID: 150449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150449
[6]
Bizzi, S. and Learner, D. (2012) Characterizing Physical Habitats in Rivers Using Map-Derived Drivers of Fluvial Geomorphic Processes. Geomorphology, 169-170, 64-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.04.009
[7]
Ferguson, R., Lewin, J. and Hardy, R. (2022) Fluvial Processes and Landforms. In: Burt, T.P., Goudie, A.S. and Viles, H.A., Eds., The History of the Study of Landforms or the Development of Geomorphology. Volume 5: Geomorphology in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century, Geological Society, London, Memoirs 58. https://doi.org/10.1144/M58-2021-18
[8]
Paringit, E.C. and Morales, F.F. (2017) LiDAR Surveys and Flood Mapping of Dolores River. In: Paringit, E.C., Ed., Flood Hazard Mapping of the Philippines Using LiDAR, University of the Philippines Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Quezon City, 156 p. https://dream.upd.edu.ph/assets/Publications/LiDAR-Technical-Reports/VSU/LiDAR-Surveys-and-Flood-Mapping-of-Dolores-River.pdf
[9]
Paringit, E.C. and Morales, F.F. (2017) LiDAR Surveys and Flood Mapping of Amburayan River. University of the Philippines Training Center for Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry, Quezon City, 147 p. https://dream.upd.edu.ph/assets/Publications/LiDAR-Technical-Reports/VSU/LiDAR-Surveys-and-Flood-Mapping-of-Oras-River.pdf
[10]
Lo, D.S., Vallente Jr., J.R. and Baliwag, T.M. (2022) Vulnerability and Impact Analysis: (Tropical Cyclone-Severe Wind & Flooding). Research Institute for Mindanao Culture. Start Network, Xavier University. https://rilhub.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/DRF-Webinar-Vulnerability-Impact-Analysis_RIMCU-Presentation.pdf
[11]
Andres, J.F. and Loretero, M.E. (2020) Simplified Method of Discharge Measurement for Micro-Hydropower Capacity Assessment: A Case Study for a Small-Scale Agricultural Irrigation Canal. Natural Resources and Conservation, 8, 24-32. http://www.hrpub.org https://doi.org/10.13189/nrc.2020.080202
[12]
Ramos, C., Berto I., Barbosa, F., Berto, C., Mafra, A., Miquelluti, D.J. and Mecabo Jr., J. (2016) Water Erosion in Surface Soil Conditions: Runoff Velocity, Concentration and D50 Index. Scientia Agricola, 73, 286-293. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0110
[13]
Cabahug, R.G. and Villanueva, B.M. (2014) Assessment of Soil Erosion, Sediment Transport and Deposition along Cagayan de Oro River. Mindanao Journal of Science and Technology, 12, 51-67. https://mjst.ustp.edu.ph/index.php/mjst/article/download
[14]
Lusiagustin, V. and Kusratmoko, E. (2017) Impact of Sand Mining Activities on the Environmental Condition of the Komering River, South Sumatera. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1862, Article ID: 030198. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4991302
[15]
Devi, M.A. and Rongmei, L. (2017) Impacts of Sand and Gravel Quarrying on the Stream Channel and Surrounding Environment. Asia Pacific Journal of Energy and Environment, 4, 7-12. https://doi.org/10.18034/apjee.v4i1.236
[16]
Wambua, A.K., Chege, J.M. and Ngira, A.M. (2021) Bio-Physical and Socio-Economic Effects of Quarrying Activities in Selected Quarries in Tezo Ward-Kilifi County. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 4, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.47604/ijes.1341
[17]
Rastogi, R. and Kumar, V. (2017) The Environmental Impact of River Sand Mining. VSRD International Journal of Technical & Non-Technical Research, 8, 329e. https://www.academia.edu/35545200/THE_ENVIRONMENTAL_IMPACT_OF_RIVER_SAND_MINING
[18]
De Leeuw, J., Shankman, D., Wu, G., de Boer, W., Burnham, J., He, Q., Yesou, H. and Xiao, J. (2010) Strategic Assessment of the Magnitude and Impacts of Sand Mining in Poyang Lake, China. Regional Environmental Change, 10, 95-102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-009-0096-6
[19]
Rentier, E.S. and Cammeraat, L.H. (2002) The Environmental Impacts of River sand Mining. Science of the Total Environment, 838, Article ID: 155877. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155877
[20]
Hamill, G.A., Ryan, D. and Johnston, H.T. (2009) Effect of Rudder Angle on Propeller Wash Velocities at a Seabed. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers—Maritime Engineering, 162, 27-38. https://doi.org/10.1680/maen.2009.162.1.27
[21]
Ciasico, M.N.A., Obina, M.T., Ciasico, F.E.A., Delantar, R.B., Abulencia, L.M.A., Apelado, T.R.B. and Salvador, R.C. (2022) Physical Profile of Calbiga River, Samar, Central Philippines. Journal of Geo-Science and Environment Protection, 10, 236-241. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2022.1011016
[22]
Oguchi, T., Saito, K., Kadomura, H. and Grossman, M. (2001) Fluvial Geomorphology and Paleohydrology in Japan. Geomorphology, 39, 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00048-4
[23]
Couper, P. (2003) Effects of Silt-Clay Content on the Susceptibility of River Banks to Subaerial Erosion. Geomorphology, 56, 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(03)00048-5
[24]
Nones, M. (2019) Dealing with Sediment Transport in Flood Risk Management. Acta Geophysica, 67, 677-685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11600-019-00273-7
[25]
Parsons, M., McLoughlin, C.A., Kotschy, K.A., Rogers, K.H. and Rountree, M.W. (2005) The Effects of Extreme Floods on the Biophysical Heterogeneity of River Landscapes. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 3, 487-494. https://doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0487:TEOEFO]2.0.CO;2
[26]
Barua, P., Rahman, S.H. and Molla, M.H. (2019) Impact of River Erosion on Livelihood and Coping Strategies of Displaced People in South-Eastern Bangladesh. International Journal of Migration and Residential Mobility, 2, 34-55. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMRM.2019.103275
[27]
Boothroyd, R.J., Williams, R.D., Hoey, T.B., Tolentino, P.M. and Yang, X. (2021) National-Scale Assessment of Decadal River Migration at Critical Bridge Infrastructure in the Philippines. Science of the Total Environment, 768, Article ID: 144460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144460
