A Glance on the Mineral Deposits and Stratigraphic Sequential Variations and Structures in Different Sections of Indus Basin (Pakistan): New Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaurs from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan
Indus basin hosts many significant mineral deposits
like gypsum and cement raw materials, gemstones, iron, coal, marble, dimension
and construction stones, petroleum and water resources, world class pink salt
and other many minerals in different regions which need further exploitation
and development. The construction of new water dams in different regions are
vital (for availability of cheap electricity), because of available barren and
fertile lands and wastage of water as flood. Further the installation of more
cement industries in different regions of Indus Basin especially in middle
Indus (Sulaiman Range where gypsum, clays and limestones can be available via
belt) can increase export to receive more foreign exchange and make local
cement cheap for the sustainable development of Pakistan. 31 stratigraphic
sequential sections at different sections of Indus basins are presented to know
the variation and local stratigraphy. Further here three new titanosaur taxa are being described. Saraikimasoom is based on snout; Gspsaurus, (Maojandino), Nicksaurus and Khanazeem are based on cranial,
vertebral and appendicular elements; Balochisaurus, Marisaurus, Pakisaurus, and
3 new genera and species Imrankhanhero
zilefatmi, Qaikshaheen masoomniazi and Ikqaumishan
smqureshi based on vertebral and
appendicular elements; and Sulaimanisaurus and Khetranisaurus based on only
caudal vertebrae. Although Pakistani Titanosaurians seem to be proliferated
found from one horizon of Vitakri Formation just below the K-Pg boundary they
have a wide range of diagnostic features and key elements among titanosaurs
which can be used for comparison and phylogenetic analyses with broad updated
character data set of titanosaurs.
References
[1]
Heron, A.M. and Crookshank, H. (1954) Directory of Economic Minerals of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Record, 7, Part 2, 146 p.
[2]
Ahmad, Z. (1969) Directory of Mineral Deposits of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Record, 15, 1-200.
[3]
Raza, H.A. and Iqbal, M.W.A. (1977) Mineral Deposits. In: Shah, S.M.I., Ed., Stratigraphy of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Memoir, 12, 98-120.
[4]
Kazmi, A.H. and Abbas, S.G. (2001) Metallogeney and Mineral Deposits of Pakistan. Orient Petroleum Incorporation, Islamabad, Graphic Publishers, Karachi, 264 p.
[5]
Malkani, M.S., Alyani, M.I., Khosa, M.H. Somro, N., Arif, S.J., Tariq, S., Saeed, F., Khan, G. and Faiz, J. (2016) Mineral Resources of Pakistan—An Update. Lasbela University Journal of Science & Technology, 5, 90-114.
[6]
Malkani, M.S. and Mahmood, Z. (2016) Mineral Resources of Pakistan: A Review. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Record, 128, 1-90.
[7]
Malkani, M.S. and Mahmood, Z. (2017) Mineral Resources of Pakistan: Provinces and Basins Wise. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Memoir, 25, 1-179.
[8]
Malkani, M.S. (2020) Mineral Resources of Gilgit Baltistan and Azad Kashmir, Pakistan: An Update. Open Journal of Geology, 10, 661-702.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.106030
[9]
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Usmani, N.A. and Siraj, M. (2017) Mineral Resources of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 997, 1-40.
[10]
Malkani, M.S. (2020) Cement Resources, Agrominerals, Construction, Marble, Dimension and Decor Stone Resources, Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Pakistan. Open Journal of Geology, 10, 900-942. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.108041
[11]
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Somro, N. and Alyani, M.I. (2017) Cement Resources, Agrominerals, Marble, Construction, Dimension and Decor Stone Resources of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 1005, 1-23.
[12]
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Somro, N. and Arif, S.J. (2017) Gemstone and Jewelry Resources of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 1004, 1-28.
[13]
Malkani, M.S., Khosa, M.H., Alyani, M.I., Khan, K., Somro, N., Zafar, T., Arif, J. and Zahid, M.A. (2017) Mineral Deposits of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, Pakistan. Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology, 6, 23-46.
[14]
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Alyani, M.I. and Siraj, M. (2017) Mineral Resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and FATA, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 996, 1-61.
[15]
Malkani, M.S., Shahzad, A., Umar, M., Munir, H., Sarfraz, Y., Umar, M. and Mehmood, A. (2016) Lithostratigraphy, Structure and Economic Geology of Abbottabad-Nathiagali-Kuldana-Murree Road Section, Abbottabad and Rawalpindi Districts, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab Provinces, Pakistan. Abstract Volume, Earth Sciences Pakistan 2016, 15-17 July, Baragali Summer Campus, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, ESP 2016 Volume, 168.
[16]
Malkani, M.S. (2015) Mesozoic Tectonics and Sedimentary Mineral Resources of Pakistan. Abstract Volume, 12th Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific”, Shenyang, 15-20 August 2015, 261-266.
[17]
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Shaikh, S.I. and Alyani, M.I. (2017) Mineral Resources of North and South Punjab, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 995, 1-52.
[18]
Malkani, M.S., Alyani, M.I., Khosa, M.H. Buzdar, F.S. and Zahid, M.A. (2016) Coal Resources of Pakistan: New Coalfileds. Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology, 5, 7-22.
[19]
Malkani, M.S. and Mahmood, Z. (2017) Coal Resources of Pakistan: Entry of New Coalfields. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 980, 1-28.
[20]
Malkani, M.S. (2012) A Review of Coal and Water Resources of Pakistan. Journal of Science, Technology and Development, 31, 202-218.
[21]
Malkani, M.S. (2010) Updated Stratigraphy and Mineral potential of Sulaiman (Middle Indus) Basin, Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series), 42, 39-66.
[22]
Malkani, M.S. (2010) New Pakisaurus (Pakisauridae, Titanosauria, Sauropoda) Remains, and Cretaceous Tertiary (K-T) Boundary from Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series), 42, 39-64.
[23]
Malkani, M.S. (2011) Stratigraphy, Mineral Potential, Geological History and Paleobiogeography of Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series), 43, 269-290.
[24]
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Alyani, M.I. and Shaikh, S.I. (2017) Revised Stratigraphy and Mineral Resources of Sulaiman Basin, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 1003, 1-63.
[25]
Malkani, M.S. and Haroon, S. (2022) Lithostratigraphy, Structure, Geological History, Economic Geology and Paleontology of Mari Bugti Hills and Surrounding Areas of Balochistan, South Punjab and North Sindh (Pakistan). Open Journal of Geology, 12, 13-56. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2022.121002
[26]
Malkani, M.S., Ilyas, M., Yasin, R., Abbas, A., Samiullah, K., Raza, T., Hassan, S.S.E., Fazal, R.M., Noor, A. and Malik, A. (2022) Geology of Northern Sulaiman Foldbelt, Shirani and Waziristan Regions (South Punjab, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa): New Tomistominae (Miocene False Gharial) from Sakhi Sarwar Area of Dera Ghazi Khan (South Punjab), Pakistan. Open Journal of Geology, 12, 521-564.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2022.126025
[27]
Malkani, M.S. (2023) Geology and Mineral Deposits of Saraikistan (South Punjab, Koh Sulaiman Range) of Pakistan: A Tabular Review of Recently Discovered Biotas from Pakistan and Paleobiogeographic Link: Phylogeny and Hypodigm of Poripuchian Titanosaurs from Indo-Pakistan. Open Journal of Geology, 13, 900-958.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2023.138040
[28]
Malkani, M.S., Alyani, M.I. and Khosa, M.H. (2016) New Fluorite and Celestite Deposits from Pakistan: Tectonic and Sedimentary Mineral Resources of Indus Basin (Pakistan)—An Overview. Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology, 5, 27-33.
[29]
Malkani, M.S. and Mahmood, Z. (2017) Fluorite from Loralai-Mekhtar and Celestite from Barkhan, Dera Bugti, Kohlu, Loralai and Musakhel Districts (Sulaiman Foldbelt) and Karkh Area of Khuzdar District (Kirthar Range): A Glimpse on Tectonic and Sedimentary Mineral Resources of Indus Basin (Pakistan). Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 981, 1-16.
[30]
Malkani, M.S. (2000) Preliminary Report on “Gypsum Deposits of Sulaiman Range, Pakistan”. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 706: 1-11.
[31]
Malkani, M.S. and Tariq, M. (2000) Barite Mineralization in Mekhtar Area, Loralai District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 672; 1-9.
[32]
Malkani, M.S. and Shah, M.R. (2014) Chamalang Coal Resources and Their Depositional Environments, Balochistan, Pakistan. Journal of Himalayan Earth Sciences, 47, 61-72.
[33]
Malkani, M.S., Shah, M.R., Hussain, Z. and Dhanotr, M.S.I. (2017) Coal Resources of Chamalang Coalfields, Loralai, Kohlu and Barkhan Districts, Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release, 969, 1-107.
[34]
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Shaikh, S.I. and Arif, S.J. (2017) Mineral Resources of Balochistan Province, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 1001, 1-43.
[35]
Malkani, M.S., Khosa, M.H., Alyani, M.I., Somro, N., Zafar, T., Arif, J. and Aleem, M.Z. (2017) Revised Stratigraphic Setup and Mineral Deposits of Kirthar Basin (Lower Indus Basin), Pakistan. Lasbela University Journal of Science and Technology, 6, 54-84.
[36]
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Somro, N. and Shaikh, S.I. (2017) Revised Stratigraphy and Mineral Resources of Kirthar Basin, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 1010, 1-59.
[37]
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Alyani, M.I. and Shaikh, S.I. (2017) Mineral Resources of Sindh, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 994, 1-38.
[38]
Malkani, M.S., Islam, N., Mahmood, Z. and Rajper, R.H. (2017) New Celestite Deposits from Laki Shale and limestone, and Some Evidences of Dinosaurs and Associated Vertebrates from Laki Anticline, Sindh Province, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 1017, 1-18.
[39]
Malkani, M.S. (2002) First Note on the Occurrence of Fluorite in Mula Area, Khuzdar District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release 766, 1-11.
[40]
Malkani, M.S. (2020) Revised Stratigraphy and Mineral Resources of Balochistan Basin, Pakistan: An Update. Open Journal of Geology, 10, 784-828.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.107036
[41]
Malkani, M.S., Mahmood, Z., Arif, S.J. and Alyani, M.I. (2017) Revised Stratigraphy and Mineral Resources of Balochistan Basin, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 1002, Quetta, 1-38.
[42]
Jones, A.G., Manistere, B.E., Oliver, R.L., Willson, G.S. and Scott, H.S. (1961) Reconnaissance Geology of Part of West Pakistan. Colombo Plan Co-Operative Project Conducted and Compiled by Hunting Survey Corporation, Government of Canada, Toronto, 550 p.
[43]
Shah, S.M.I. (1977) Precambrian. In: Shah, S.M.I., Ed., Stratigraphy of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Memoir, 12, 1-5.
[44]
Shah, S.M.I. (1977) Paleozoic. In: Shah, S.M.I., Ed., Stratigraphy of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Memoir, 12, 5-29.
[45]
Fatmi, A.N. (1977) Mesozoic. In: Shah, S.M.I., Ed., Stratigraphy of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Memoir, 12, 29-56.
[46]
Cheema, M.R., Raza, S.M. and Ahmad, H. (1977) Cainozoic. In: Shah, S.M.I., Ed., Stratigraphy of Pakistan, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Memoir, 12, 56-98.
[47]
Shah, S.M.I. (2002) Lithostratigraphic Units of the Sulaiman and Kirthar Provinces, Lower Indus Basin, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Record, 107, 63 p.
[48]
Kazmi, A.H. and Abbasi, I.A. (2008) Stratigraphy and Historical Geology of Pakistan. Department and National Centre of Excellence in Geology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 524 p.
[49]
Malkani, M.S. and Mahmood, Z. (2016) Revised Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Record, 127, 1-87.
[50]
Malkani, M.S. and Mahmood, Z. (2017) Stratigraphy of Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Memoir, 24, 1-134.
[51]
Malkani, M.S. (2021) Jurassic-Cretaceous and Cretaceous-Paleogene Transitions and Mesozoic Vertebrates from Pakistan. Open Journal of Geology, 11, 275-318.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.118016
[52]
Malkani, M.S. (2022) Plates Boundary and Structural Geology of Balochistan and Indus Basins through Field Observations on Chaman Transform Fault and Western Indus Suture (Pakistan): Dinosaurs from Pakistan with Attributed Bones and Key Features: Titanosaurs from India with Updated Assessment on Jainosaurus. Open Journal of Geology, 12, 1032-1079. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2022.1211049
[53]
Sahni, A. (2001) Dinosaurs of India. National Book Trust, Delhi, 110 p.
[54]
Malkani, M.S. and Anwar, C.M. (2000) Discovery of First Dinosaur Fossil in Pakistan, Barkhan District, Balochistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 732, 1-16.
[55]
Malkani, M.S. (2004) Saurischian Dinosaurs from Late Cretaceous of Pakistan. 5th Pakistan Geological Congress, Islamabad, 14-15 April 2004, 71-73.
[56]
Malkani, M.S. (2006) Biodiversity of Saurischian Dinosaurs from the Latest Cretaceous Park of Pakistan. Journal of Applied and Emerging Sciences, 1, 108-140.
[57]
Malkani, M.S. (2019) Recently Discovered Basilosaurid, Baluchithere Rhinoceros, Horses, Sea Cow, Proboscidean, Eucrocodile, Pterosaurs, Plesiosaur, Fishes, Invertebrates and Wood Fossils, Tracks and Trackways of Dinosaurs from Pakistan; Comparison of Recognized Four Titanosaur Taxa of Indo-Pakistan with Madagascar. Open Journal of Geology, 9, 919-955. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2019.912098
[58]
Malkani, M.S. (2020) Pakisaurus balochistani (Poripuchia, Slender Titanosauria, Sauropoda) Associated Skeletons from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan and Referred Fossils from India; Filling of Significant Missing Links of Isisaurus colberti (Poripuchia, Slender Titanosauria, Sauropoda) Found from Pakistan. Open Journal of Geology, 10, 408-447. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.104019
[59]
Malkani, M.S. (2014) Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaurs from the Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. 2nd Symposium of IGCP 608 “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific”, Tokyo, 4-6 September 2014, 108-111.
[60]
Malkani, M.S. (2015) Titanosaurian Sauropod Dinosaurs from Pakistan. Abstract Volume, 12th Symposium on “Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems (MTE 12), and 3rd Symposium of International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific”, Shenyang, 15-20 August 2015, 93-98.
[61]
Malkani, M.S. (2015) Dinosaurs, Mesoeucrocodiles, Pterosaurs, New Fauna and Flora from Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 823, 1-32.
[62]
Malkani, M.S. (2020) First Skull of Medium Sized Titanosaur from Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent Found from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan; Associated Cranial and Postcranial Skeletons of Gspsaurus pakistani (Poripuchia, Stocky Titanosauria, Sauropoda) from Pakistan and India. Open Journal of Geology, 10, 448-489. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.104020
[63]
Malkani, M.S. (2020) First Snout with Complete Teeth Row of Titanosaur from Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent Found from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan; Associated Cranial and Postcranial Skeletons of Saraikimasoom vitakri (Poripuchia, Stocky Titanosauria, Sauropoda) from Pakistan and Referred Fossils from India. Open Journal of Geology, 10, 368-407.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.104018
[64]
Malkani, M.S. (2021) Formal Description of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Biotas Found from Pakistan. Open Journal of Geology, 11, 411-455.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.119023
[65]
Malkani, M.S., Mantilla, J.A.W., Zalmout, I.S.A. and Gingerich, P.D. (in process) New Titanosaur Remains from the Vitakri Formation (Late Cretaceous) of Sangiali, Balochistan, Pakistan. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
[66]
Malkani, M.S. (2020) Theropods, Mesoeucrocodiles and Pterosaurs Found from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Balochistan, Pakistan; Description with Large Photographs and Comparison with Coeval Taxa from Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent. Open Journal of Geology, 10, 510-551.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.105023
[67]
Wilson, J.A., Malkani, M.S. and Gingerich, P.D. (2001) New Crocodyliform (Reptilia, Mesoeucrocodylia) form the Upper Cretaceous Pab Formation of Vitakri, Balochistan (Pakistan). Contributions from Museum of Paleontology, Univ. of Michigan, 30, 321-336.
[68]
Malkani, M.S. (2014) Theropod Dinosaurs and Mesoeucrocodiles from the Terminal Cretaceous of Pakistan. 2nd Symposium International Geoscience Program (IGCP 608) “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific”, Tokyo, 4-6 September 2014, 169-172.
[69]
Malkani, M.S. (2013) New Pterosaur from the Latest Cretaceous Terrestrial Strata of Pakistan. Abstract Book of 9th Symposium on Cretaceous System, Ankara, 1-5 September 2013, 62.
[70]
Malkani, M.S. (2009) New Balochisaurus (Balochisauridae, Titanosauria, Sauropoda) and Vitakridrinda (Theropoda) Remains from Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series), 41, 65-92.
[71]
Malkani, M.S. (2003) Pakistani Titanosauria; Are Armoured Dinosaurs? Geological Bulletin University of Peshawar, 36, 85-91.
[72]
Malkani, M.S. (2010) Osteoderms of Pakisauridae and Balochisauridae (Titanosauria, Sauropoda, Dinosauria) in Pakistan. Journal of Earth Science, 21, 198-203.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-010-0212-z
[73]
Malkani, M.S. (2014) Records of Fauna and Flora from Pakistan; Evolution of Indo-Pakistan Peninsula. Abstract Volume of 2nd Symposium of IGCP 608 “Cretaceous Ecosystem of Asia and Pacific”, Tokyo, 4-6 September 2014, 165-168.
[74]
Malkani, M.S. (2008) Marisaurus (Balochisauridae, Titanosauria) Remains from the Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series), 40, 55-78.
[75]
Malkani, M.S. (2007) Trackways Evidence of Sauropod Dinosaurs Confronted by a Theropod Found from Middle Jurassic Samana Suk Limestone of Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series), 39, 1-14.
[76]
Malkani, M.S., Somro, N. and Arif, S.J. (2018) A New Pes Footprint of Sauropod Dinosaur Discovered from the Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. Researchgate.net, Research, 1 p.
[77]
Huene, F.V. and Matley, C.A. (1933) Cretaceous Saurischia and Ornithischia of the Central Provinces of India. Paleontologia Indica, 21, 1-74.
[78]
Mathur, U.B. and Pant, S.C. (1986) Sauropod Dinosaur Humeri from Lameta Group (Upper Cretaceous) of Kheda District, Gujarat. Journal of the Palaeontological Society of India, 31, 22-25.
[79]
Dwivedi, G.N., Mohabey, D.N. and Bandyopadhyaya, S. (1982) On the Discovery of Vertebrate Fossils from Infratrappean Lameta Beds, Kheda District, Gujarat. Current Trends in Geology, 7, 79-87.
[80]
Sajid, M., Ali, L., Khan, M.Y., Khan, M. and Qadri, S.M.T. (2023) Integrated Geophysical and Geochemical Analyses for Assessment of Potential Coal Prospects in Tirah Area, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Energies, 16, Article No. 6541.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186541
[81]
Tariq, M., Malkani, M.S., Qureshi, I.H. and Ahmed, S.A. (1991) Geology of Shirinab Area 34K/10, Kalat District, Balochistan, Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 543.
[82]
Abbas, S.G., Kakepoto, A.A. and Ahmad, M.H. (1998) Iron Ore Deposits of Dilband Area, Mastung District, Kalat Division, Balochistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta, Information Release, 679, 1-19.
[83]
Kakepoto, A.A. (2014) Dilband Ironstone Deposits, Balochistan, Pakistan. (In Process Thesis for PhD under Sindh University Jamshoro).
[84]
Malkani, M.S. (2006) Lithofacies and Lateral Extension of Latest Cretaceous Dinosaur Beds from Sulaiman Foldbelt, Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series), 38, 1-32.
[85]
Powell, J.E. (2003) Revision of South American Titanosaurids Dinosaurs: Palaeobiological, Palaeobiogeographical and Phylogenitic Aspects. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum, 111, 1-173.
[86]
Wilson, J.A., Malkani, M.S. and Gingerich, P.D. (2005) A Sauropod Braincase from the Pab Formation (Upper Cretaceous, Maastrichtian) of Balochistan, Pakistan. Gondwana Geological Magazine, 8, 101-109.
[87]
Malkani, M.S. (2006) Cervicodorsal, Dorsal and Sacral Vertebrae of Titanosauria (Sauropod Dinosaurs) Discovered from the Latest Cretaceous Dinosaur Beds/Vitakri Member of Pab Formation, Sulaiman Foldbelt, Pakistan. Journal of Applied and Emerging Sciences, 1, 188-196.
[88]
Vredenburg, E.W. (1908) The Cretaceous Orbitoides of India. Geological Survey of India, Records, 36, 171-213.
[89]
Wnuk, C. (2022) Climatic Control on the Subcontinent’s Cenozoic Coal Formation and the Potential for Additional Undiscovered Thar-Like Coal Deposits. Earth-Science Reviews, 235, Article ID: 104237.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104237
[90]
Jain, S.L. and Bandyopadhyay, S. (1997) New Titanosaurid (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from Late Cretaceous of Central India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 17, 114-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1997.10010958
[91]
Díez Díaz, V., Mocho, P., Paramo, A., Escaso, F., Marcos-Fernandez, F. and Sanz, J.L. (2016) A New Titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Lo Hueco (Cuenca, Spain). Cretaceous Research, 68, 49-60.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2016.08.001
[92]
Mannion, P.D., Upchurch, P., Barnes, R.N. and Mateus, O. (2013) Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese Sauropod Dinosaur Lusotitan Atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the Evolutionary History of Basal Titanosauriformes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 168, 98-206. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12029
[93]
Hocknull, S.A., White, M.A., Tischler, T.R., Cook, A.G., Calleja, N.D., Sloan, T. and Elliott, D.A. (2009) New Mid-Cretaceous (latest Albian) Dinosaurs from Winton, Queensland, Australia. PLOS ONE, 4, e6190.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006190
[94]
Poropat, S.F., Upchurch, P., Mannion, P.D., Hocknull, S.A., Kear, B.P., Sloan, T., Sinapius, G.H.K. and Elliott, D.A. (2015) Revision of the Sauropod Dinosaur Diamantinasaurus matildae Hocknull et al. 2009 from the Middle Cretaceous of Australia: Implications for Gondwanan Titanosauriform Dispersal. Gondwana Research, 27, 995-1033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2014.03.014
[95]
Rigby, S.L., Poropat, S.F., Mannion, P.D., Pentland, A.H., Sloan, T., Rumbold, S.J., Webster, C.B. and Elliott, D.A. (2022) A Juvenile Diamantinasaurus matildae (Dinosauria: Titanosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Winton Formation of Queensland, Australia, with Implications for Sauropod Ontogeny. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 41, e2047991. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.2047991
[96]
Wilson, J.A., Barrett, P.M. and Carrano, M.T. (2011) An Associated Partial Skeleton of Jainosaurus cf. Septentrionalis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Chhota Simla, Central India. Palaeontology, 54, 981-998.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4983.2011.01087.x
[97]
Wilson, J.A., Mohabey, D.M., Lakra, P. and Bhadran, A. (2019) Titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) Vertebrae from the Upper Cretaceous Lameta Formation of Western and Central India. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, 33, 1-27.
[98]
Curry Rogers, K. (2009) The Postcranial Osteology of Rapetosaurus krausei (Sauropoda: Titanosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29, 1046-1086. https://doi.org/10.1671/039.029.0432
[99]
Díez Díaz, V., Garcia, G., Pereda-Suberbiola, X., Jentgen-Ceschino, B., Stein, K., Godefroit, P. and Valentin, X. (2018) The Titanosaurian Dinosaur Atsinganosaurus Velauciensis (Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Southern France: New Material, Phylogenitic Affinities, and Paleobiogeographic Implications. Cretaceous Research, 91, 429-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2018.06.015
[100]
Gomani, E.M. (2005) Sauropod Dinosaurs from the Early Cretaceous of Malawi, Africa. Palaeontologia Electronica, 1-37. http://palaeo-electronica.org
[101]
Malkani, M.S. (2007) First Diagnostic Fossils of Late Cretaceous Crocodyliform (Mesoeucrocodylia, Reptilia) from Vitakri Area, Barkhan District, Balochistan, Pakistan. In: Ashraf, M., Hussain, S.S., and Akbar, H.D., Eds., Contribution to Geology of Pakistan. A Publication of the National Geological Society of Pakistan, Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Islamabad, Pakistan, 241-259.
[102]
Khosla, A. and Lucas, S.G. (2023) Review of the Cretaceous Dinosaurs from India and Their Paleobiogeographic Significance. Acta Geologica Polonica, 73.
https://doi.org/10.24425/agp.2023.145623
[103]
Smith, J.B., Vann, D.R. and Dodson, P. (2005) Dental Morphology and Variation in Theropod Dinosaurs: Implications for the Taxonomic Identification of Isolated Teeth. The Anatomical Record, Part A, 285, 699-736.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.a.20206
[104]
Mannion, P.D., Upchurch, P., Schwarz, D. and Wings, O. (2019) Taxonomic Affinities of the Putative Titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: Phylogenitic and Biogeographic Implications for Eusauropod Dinosaur Evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 185, 784-909.
https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zly068
[105]
Gonzalez Riga, B.J. (2003) A New Titanosaur (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mendoza Province, Argentina. Ameghiniana (Rev. Asoc. Paleontol. Argent.), 40, 155-172.
[106]
Gorscak, E., Lamanna, M.C., Schwarz, D., Díaz, V.D., Salem, B.S., Sallam, H.M. and Wiechmann, M.P. (2023) A New Titanosaurian (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Quseir Formation of the Kharga Oasis, Egypt. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 42, e2199810.
