Advance development of wireless technologies and micro-sensor systems have enabled Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to emerge as a leading
solution in many crucial sensor-based
applications. WSN deploys numerous resource-constrained
sensor nodes which have limited power supply, memory and computation capability in a
harsh environment. Inefficient routing strategy results in degraded network
performance in terms of reliability, latency and energy efficiency. In this paper, a cross-layer design,
Contention-based MAC and Routing
protocol is proposed, termed Contention/SNIR-Based Forwarding (CSBF)
protocol. CSBF utilizes the geographical information of sensor nodes to
effectively guide the routing direction towards destination node, thereby enhancing reliability. Furthermore,
Signal-to-Noise-plus-Interference Ratio (SNIR) metric is used as a routing parameter to guarantee high quality link
for data transmission. A Contention-Winner Relay scheme is utilized to reduce
the delays caused by the contention procedure. Energy efficiency is also improved by introducing sleep mode technique in
CSBF. The simulation work is carried out via OMNeT++ network simulator.
The performance of CSBF is compared with other existing routing protocols such
as AODV and DSDV in terms of packet delivery
ratio (PDR), average end-to-end (ETE) delay and energy consumption per
packet. Simulation results highlight that CSBF outperforms AODV and DSDV
protocols in respect of PDR and energy efficiency. CSBF also has the most
consistent overall network performance.
References
[1]
Rippin, B. (2012) Pearls of Wisdom Wireless Networks of Miniaturized Sensors. Proceedings of the Unattended Ground, Sea, and Air Sensor Technologies and Applications XIV, Baltimore, 23-27 April 2012, 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.918116
[2]
Ko, J., Gao, T. and Terzis, A. (2009) Empirical Study of a Medical Sensor Application in an Urban Emergency Department. Proceedings of the 4th International ICST Conference on Body Area Networks (BodyNets), Los Angeles, 1-3 April 2009, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.4108/ICST.BODYNETS2009.5947
[3]
Hii, P.C. and Chung, W.Y. (2011) A Comprehensive Ubiquitous Healthcare Solution on an Android Mobile Device. Sensors, 11, 6799-6815. https://doi.org/10.3390/s110706799
[4]
Lloret, J., Sendra, S., Garcia, M. and Lloret, G. (2011) Group-Based Underwater Wireless Sensor Network for Marine Fish Farms. 2011 IEEE GLOBECOM Workshops (GC Wkshps), Houston, 5-9 December 2011, 115-119. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOMW.2011.6162361
[5]
Mansour, S., Nasser, N., Karim, L. and Ali, A. (2014) Wireless Sensor Network-Based Air Quality Monitoring System. 2014 International Conference on Computing, Networking and Communication (ICNC), Honolulu, 3-6 February 2014, 545-550. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCNC.2014.6785394
[6]
Lu, B., Wu, L., Habetler, T.G., Harley, R.G. and Gutierrez, J.A. (2005) On the Application of Wireless Sensor Networks in Condition Monitoring and Energy Usage Evaluation for Electric Machines. 31st Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON), Raleigh, 6-10 November 2005, 2674-2679. https://doi.org/10.1109/IECON.2005.1569329
[7]
Saeed, H., Ali, S., Rashid, S., Qaisar, S. and Felemban, E. (2014) Reliable Monitoring of Oil and Gas Pipelines Using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)-REMONG. 2014 9th International Conference on System Engineering (SOSE), Glenelg, 9-13 June 2014, 230-235. https://doi.org/10.1109/SYSOSE.2014.6892493
[8]
Barbagli, B., Bencini, L., Magrini, I., Manes, G. and Manes, A. (2011) A Real-Time Traffic Monitoring Based on Wireless Sensor Network Technologies. 2011 7th International Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing Conference, Istanbul, 4-8 July 2011, 820-825. https://doi.org/10.1109/IWCMC.2011.5982652
[9]
Lavric, A., Popa, V. and Sfichi, S. (2014) Street Lighting Control System Based on Large-Scale WSN: A Step towards a Smart City. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference and Exposition on Electrical and Power Engineering (EPE), Iasi, 16-18 October 2014, 673-676. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICEPE.2014.6969994
[10]
Gurewitz, O., Shifrin, M. and Dvir, E. (2022) Data Gathering Techniques in WSN: A Cross-Layer View. Sensors, 22, Article 2650. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22072650
[11]
Kumar, A., Zhao, M., Wong, K.J., Guan, Y.L. and Chong, P.H.J. (2018) A Comprehensive Study of IoT and WSN MAC Protocols: Research Issues, Challenges and Opportunities. IEEE Access, 6, 76228-76262. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2883391
[12]
Dhabliya, D., Soundararajan, R., Selvarasu, P., Balasubramaniam, M.S., Rajawat, A.S., Goyal, S.B. and Suciu, G. (2022) Energy-Efficient Network Protocols and Resilient Data Transmission Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks—An Experimental Survey. Energies, 15, Article 8883. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15238883
[13]
Van Hoesel, L., Nieberg, T., Wu, J. and Havinga, P.J. (2004) Prolonging the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks by Cross-layer Interaction. IEEE Wireless Communications, 11, 78-86. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWC.2004.1368900
[14]
Vuran, M.C. and Akyildiz, I.F. (2010) XLP: A Cross-Layer Protocol for Efficient Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 9, 1578-1591. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2010.125
[15]
Mendes, L.D. and Rodrigues, J.J. (2011) A Survey on Cross-Layer Solutions for Wireless Sensor Networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 34, 523-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnca.2010.11.009
[16]
Jagadeesan, S. and Parthasarathy, V. (2012) Cross-Layer Design in Wireless Sensor Networks. Advances in Computer Science, Engineering & Applications: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Computer Science, Engineering and Applications (ICCSEA 2012), Heidelberg, 25-27 May 2012, 283-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30157-5_29
[17]
Sarwesh, P. and Mathew, A. (2022) Cross Layer Design with Weighted Sum Approach for Extending Device Sustainability in Smart Cities. Sustainable Cities and Society, 77, Article ID: 103478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103478
[18]
Jemili, I., Ghrab, D., Belghith, A. and Mosbah, M. (2020) Cross-Layer Adaptive Multipath Routing for Multimedia Wireless Sensor Networks under Duty Cycle Mode. Ad Hoc Networks, 109, Article ID: 102292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2020.102292
[19]
Kim, J., On, J., Kim, S. and Lee, J. (2008) Performance Evaluation of Synchronous and Asynchronous MAC Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. 2008 Second International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (Sensorcomm 2008), Cap Esterel, 25-31 August 2008, 500-506. https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORCOMM.2008.80
[20]
Sakya, G. and Sharma, V. (2019) ADMC-MAC: Energy Efficient Adaptive MAC Protocol for Mission Critical Applications in WSN. Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, 23, 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.suscom.2019.05.001
[21]
Polastre, J., Hill, J. and Culler, D. (2004) Versatile Low Power Media Access for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor System, Baltimore, 3-5 November 2004, 95-107. https://doi.org/10.1145/1031495.1031508
[22]
Sarang, S., Drieberg, M., Awang, A. and Ahmad, R. (2018) A QoS MAC Protocol for Prioritized Data in Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks. Computer Networks, 144, 141-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2018.07.022
[23]
Daas, A., Mofleh, K., Jabr, E. and Hamad, S. (2015) Comparison between AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET). Proceedings of the 5th National Symposium on Information Technology: Towards New Smart World, Riyadh, 17-19 February 2015, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/NSITNSW.2015.7176394
[24]
Jacquet, P., Muhlethaler, P., Clausen, T., Laouiti, A., Qayyum, A. and Viennot, L. (2001) Optimized Link State Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks. Proceedings of IEEE INMIC 2001, Lahore, 30 December 2001, 62-68. https://doi.org/10.1109/INMIC.2001.995315
[25]
Kiran, K., Kaushik, N.P., Sharath, S., Shenoy, P.D., Venugopal, K.R. and Prabhu, V.T. (2018) Experimental Evaluation of BATMAN and BATMAN-Adv Routing Protocols in a Mobile Testbed. Proceedings of TENCON 2018-2018 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Jeju, 28-31 October 2018, 1538-1543. https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.2018.8650222
[26]
Kishore, C.N. and Kumar, H.V. (2022) Dynamic Source Routing Protocol for Robust Path Reliability and Link Sustainability Aware Routing in Wireless Communication. Optik, 282, Article ID: 170036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2022.170036
[27]
Goswami, M.M. (2017) AODV Based Adaptive Distributed Hybrid Multipath Routing for Mobile AdHoc Network. Proceedings of the International Conference on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies, Coimbatore, 10-11 March 2017, 410-414. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICCT.2017.7975230
[28]
Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J.J., Mosko, M. and Perkins, C.E. (2006) A New Approach to On-Demand Loop-Free Routing in Networks Using Sequence Numbers. Computer Networks, 50, 1599-1615. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2005.09.022
[29]
Kim, Y.D., Cho, K.R., Cho, H.S. and Kim, D. (2014) A Cross-Layer Channel Access and Routing Protocol for Medical-Grade QoS Support in Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 77, 309-328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-013-1507-z
[30]
Espes, D., Lagrange, X. and Suárez, L. (2015) A Cross-Layer MAC and Routing Protocol Based on Slotted Aloha for Wireless Sensor Networks. Annals of Telecom-munications-Annales des Télécommunications, 70, 159-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12243-014-0433-8
[31]
Yessad, S., Bouallouche-Medjkoune, L. and Aïssani, D. (2015) A Cross-Layer Routing Protocol for Balancing Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 81, 1303-1320. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-014-2185-1
[32]
Suh, C., Ko, Y.B. and Son, D.M. (2006) An Energy Efficient Cross-Layer MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Proceedings of the Eighth Asia Pacific Web Conference, Harbin, 16-18 January 2006, 410-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/11610496_54
[33]
Benzerbadj, A., Kechar, B., Bounceur, A. and Pottier, B. (2018) Cross-Layer Greedy Position-Based Routing for Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks in a Real Environment. Ad Hoc Networks, 71, 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2018.01.003
[34]
Akyildiz, I.F., Vuran, M.C. and Akan, O.B. (2006) A Cross-Layer Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. 2006 40th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems, Princeton, 22-24 March 2006, 1102-1107. https://doi.org/10.1109/CISS.2006.286630
[35]
He, S., Chen, J., Yau, D.K. and Sun, Y. (2011) Cross-Layer Optimization of Correlated Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 11, 1678-1691. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2011.210
[36]
Yan, J., Zhou, M. and Ding, Z. (2016) Recent Advances in Energy-Efficient Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review. IEEE Access, 4, 5673-5686. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2598719
[37]
Husain, K. and Awang, A. (2020) Forwarding Angles and the Trade-Off between Reliability, Latency and Unicast Efficiency in Content-Based Beaconless Forwarding. IEEE Access, 8, 225522-225538. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3044967
[38]
Gong, D. and Yang, Y. (2014) Low-Latency SINR-Based Data Gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 13, 3207-3221. https://doi.org/10.1109/TWC.2014.042114.130347
[39]
Husain, K., Awang, A., Kamel, N. and Aïssa, S. (2019) Intersection-Based Link-Adaptive Beaconless Forwarding in Urban Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks. Sensors, 19, Article 1242 https://doi.org/10.3390/s19051242
[40]
Haw, C.Y., Awang, A. and Hussin, F.A. (2022) Performance Evaluation of an Asynchronous MAC Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network. 2022 International Conference on Future Trends in Smart Communities (ICFTSC), Sarawak, 1-2 December, 170-175. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICFTSC57269.2022.10040038
[41]
Abbasi, U.F., Haider, N., Awang, A. and Khan, K.S. (2021) Cross-Layer MAC/Routing Protocol for Reliable Communication in Internet of Health Things. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 2, 199-216. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2020.3047888
[42]
OMNeT++ Community (2022) OMNeT++ Simulator. http://www.omnetpp.org
