马克思“机器的资本主义应用”思想的三重向度
The Triple Dimension of Marx’s Thoughts on “Capitalist Application of Machines”

“机器的资本主义应用”对自然、社会以及工人产生一系列的矛盾反应：机器的资本主义应用成功实现相对剩余价值的生产，由于生产效率的提高是以牺牲生产资料量的增加为代价的，所以极大破坏了自然资源，同时又以相对过剩人口的增多为代价，所以社会陷入贫富差距两极分化的状态，随着失业人口的增加，人的生存出现严重的危机——人与自然、人与社会、人与自身的危机。在马克思看来问题的原因不在于机器本身，而在于“机器的资本主义应用”这一生产关系的异化。马克思站在唯物史观和政治经济学批判的高度，看到了资本主义生产关系下自然、社会、工人三者及其相互关系的异化现象，又深刻洞察到隐匿在“机器的资本主义应用”背后的内在本质，同时昭示扬弃异化的必由之路和实现自由的替代方案。
The “capitalist application of machines” produces a series of contradictory reactions to nature, society and workers: the capitalist application of machines has succeeded in realizing the production of relative surplus value, which has greatly damaged natural resources because of the increase in productivity at the expense of the increase in the volume of the means of production, while at the same time increasing the number of people in relative surplus. At the same time, at the expense of an increase in the number of people with a relative surplus, society has fallen into a state of polarization between the rich and the poor, and with the increase in the number of unemployed people, there is a serious crisis in the survival of human beings—a crisis between man and nature, between man and society, and between man and himself. In Marx’s view, the cause of the problem lies not in the machine itself, but in the alienation of the relations of production through the “capitalist application of the machine”. Standing on the height of historical materialism and political economy criticism, Marx saw the alienation of nature, society and workers and their mutual relations under the capitalist relations of production, and deeply had insight into the inherent nature behind the “capitalist application of machines”, and at the same time revealed the only way to abandon alienation and the alternative plan to realize freedom.