“德国式问题”：黑格尔与马克思的差别
“German Problem”: Differences between Hegel and Marx

19世纪的德意志在经济上落后于同期其他资本主义国家，在政治上四分五裂，只有黑格尔的哲学处于当时世界的最前线。黑格尔认为政治国家决定市民社会，作为“绝对精神”代表的普鲁士是解决德国问题的秘方。而马克思根据自己对德国现实的观察，批判性继承黑格尔的国家与市民社会关系理论，提出市民社会决定政治国家，实现了国家观上的重大突破，也为他今后发现唯物史观奠定了思想准备与理论基础。
During the 19th century, Germany lagged behind other capitalist countries in terms of its economy and was politically fragmented. However, Hegel’s philosophy was at the forefront of the world at that time. Hegel believed that the political state determined civil society, and Prussia, representing the “absolute spirit”, held the key to solving the German Problem. On the other hand, Marx, based on his observations of the German reality, critically inherited Hegel’s theory of the relationship between the state and civil society. He proposed that civil society determines the political state, achieving a major breakthrough in his conception of the state. This also laid the groundwork for his future discovery of historical materialism, both in terms of intellectual preparation and theoretical foundation.