儒墨思想比较研究：“仁爱”与“兼爱”
A Comparative Study of Confucianism and Mohist Thought: “Benevolence” and “Universal Love”

儒墨两家思想在诸子百家中尤为突出，世称“显学”，但却遭遇了一盛一衰之悬殊历史命运。两家同产生于社会动荡的乱世背景下，都在“以天为证”的加持下赋予自家学说合法性，都强调“爱”这一核心主张，即儒墨两家共同的价值追求与核心思想。但是，儒墨两家思想也有许多不同之处。“仁爱”与“兼爱”在立论初衷、心理机制、和谐观念等方面有较大差别，体现出两家道德主义与功利主义，爱有差等与爱无差等，尚礼和谐与贵义和谐的不同。儒家“仁爱”思想契合了时代的普遍价值与治国需求，由此得到重视，不断发展为中国哲学之主流；而墨家的“兼爱”思想过于理想主义，不符合时代的需求，于是逐渐衰弱，甚至成为绝学。
Confucianism and Mohism are particularly prominent among Hundred Schools of thought, known as “outstanding schools”, but they have experienced a great historical fate of prosperity and decline. Both schools were born under the background of social turbulence and chaos, and were given legitimacy to their own theories under the blessing of “taking heaven as evidence”. Both emphasized the core proposition of “love”, which is the common value pursuit and core ideology of the Confucian and Mohist schools. However, there are also many differences in the thoughts of the Confucian and Mohist schools. There are great differences between “benevolence” and “universal love” in the original intention of argument, psychological mechanism, harmonious concept, etc., which reflects the differences between the moralism and utilitarianism, between the distinctive love and the undifferentiated love, and between etiquette harmony and righteousness harmony. Confucianist “benevolence” thought conforms to the universal value of the times and the needs of governing the country, which has been attached importance to and continues to develop into the mainstream of Chinese philosophy; The “universal love” ideology of the Mohist school is too idealistic and does not meet the needs of the times, so it gradually weakens and even becomes the out of print.