预防性环境民事公益诉讼启动标准研究
Research on the Starting Standards of Preventive Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigation Arbitration

“保护优先、预防为主”是2014年修订的《环保法》确立的我国环境保护的基本原则。之后，最高人民法院于2020年1月颁布施行的《关于审理环境民事公益诉讼案件适用法律若干问题的解释》，第一条规定了，具有损害社会公共利益重大风险的污染环境、破坏生态的行为可以向法院提起诉讼。从中可以看出国家对于生态环境的预防保护之意，将生态环境损害的风险消灭在萌芽状态，最大限度的保护社会公益。然而，由于现行法律规范关于预防性环境民事公益诉讼规定的模糊，限制现有环境司法实践受案，导致错过环境救济的最佳时机，其实际效用的发挥有待研究。本文的研究旨在基于现有的法理基础从理念与制度两个方面来明晰预防性环境民事公益诉讼的启动标准，助益该制度的理解与适用。
The basic principle of environmental protection in China, established by the 2014 revised Envi-ronmental Protection Law, is “prioritizing protection and prioritizing prevention”. Subsequently, in January 2020, the Supreme People’s Court issued and implemented the “Interpretation on Several Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigation Cases”. Article 1 stipulates that actions that pollute the environment or damage the ecology with significant risks of damaging social and public interests can be brought to the court for litigation. From this, it can be seen that the country’s intention to prevent and protect the ecological environment is to eliminate the risk of ecological damage in its infancy and maximize the protection of social public welfare. However, due to the vague provisions on preventive environmental civil public interest litigation in current legal norms, which limit the acceptance of existing environmental judicial practices, the best opportunity for environmental relief is missed, and the actual effectiveness needs to be studied. The purpose of this study is to clarify the initiation criteria for preventive environmental civil public interest litigation from both conceptual and institutional perspectives based on existing legal foundations, in order to facilitate the understanding and application of this system.