Hydrogen energy as a sustainable energy source has most recently become an increasingly important renewable energy resource due to its ability to power fuel cells in zero-emission vehicles and its help in lowering the levels of CO2？emissions. Also, hydrogen has a high energy density and can be utilized in a wide range of applications. It is indeed the fuel of the future but, it is still not？entirely apparent how to analyze the most successful ways for hydrogen storage？based on technological configuration, nature, and efficiency mechanisms. The historical hydrogen storage technologies as they are presented by the current research have been evaluated, analyzed, and examined in this study. The two？categories of hydrogen storage systems are physical-based and material-based.The first category involves storing hydrogen as liquid, cold/cryo-compressed, and compressed gas. Chemical sorption/chemisorption and physical sorption/physisorption are the two primary sub-groups of material-based storage, respectively. The quantitative and qualitative analyses of storage technologies for hydrogen are evaluated in this paper. Also, this report reviews the major safety and reliability issues currently facing hydrogen storage systems. Suggestions are made to assist lay the groundwork for future risk and reliability analysis to ensure safe, dependable operation.
References
[1]
Muhammed, N.S., Haq, B., Al Shehri, D., Al-Ahmed, A., Rahman, M.M. and Zaman, E. (2022) A Review on Underground Hydrogen Storage: Insight into Geological Sites, Influencing Factors and Future Outlook. Energy Reports, 8, 461-499.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.12.002
[2]
Zhang, F., Zhao, P., Niu, M. and Maddy, J. (2016) The Survey of Key Technologies in Hydrogen Energy Storage. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 41, 14535- 14552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.293
[3]
Kumar, A., Muthukumar, P., Sharma, P. and Kumar, E.A. (2022) Absorption Based Solid State Hydrogen Storage System: A Review. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 52, Article ID: 102204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102204
[4]
Mori, D. and Hirose, K. (2009) Recent Challenges of Hydrogen Storage Technologies for Fuel Cell Vehicles. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34, 4569- 4574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.07.115
[5]
Wei, T., Lim, K., Tseng, Y. and Chan, S. (2017) A Review on the Characterization of Hydrogen in Hydrogen Storage Materials. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 79, 1122-1133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.132
[6]
Lord, A.S., Kobos, P.H. and Borns, D.J. (2014) Geologic Storage of Hydrogen: Scaling up to Meet City Transportation Demands. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 39, 15570-15582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.07.121
[7]
Malleswararao, K., Aswin, N., Kumar, P., Dutta, P. and Murthy, S.S. (2022) Experiments on a Novel Metal Hydride Cartridge for Hydrogen Storage and Low Temperature Thermal Storage. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47, 16144- 16155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.097
[8]
Hirscher, M., Yartys, V.A., Baricco, M., von Colbe, J.B., Blanchard, D., Bowman Jr., R.C., et al. (2020) Materials for Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage—Past, Recent Progress and Future Outlook. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 827, Article ID: 153548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2019.153548
[9]
Marinelli, M. and Santarelli, M. (2020) Hydrogen Storage Alloys for Stationary Applications. Journal of Energy Storage, 32, Article ID: 101864.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101864
[10]
Hermosilla-Lara, G., Momen, G., Marty, P., Le Neindre, B. and Hassouni, K. (2007) Hydrogen Storage by Adsorption on Activated Carbon: Investigation of the Thermal Effects during the Charging Process. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 32, 1542-1553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.10.048
[11]
Moradi, R. and Groth, K.M. (2019) Hydrogen Storage and Delivery: Review of the State of the Art Technologies and Risk and Reliability Analysis. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 44, 12254-12269.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.041
[12]
Hassan, I., Ramadan, H.S., Saleh, M.A. and Hissel, D. (2021) Hydrogen Storage Technologies for Stationary and Mobile Applications: Review, Analysis and Perspectives. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 149, Article ID: 111311.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111311
[13]
Bhaskaran, R., Abraham, B.G. and Chetty, R. (2022) Recent Advances in Electrocatalysts, Mechanism, and Cell Architecture for Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment, 11, e419.
https://doi.org/10.1002/wene.419
[14]
Arsad, A.Z., Hannan, M., Al-Shetwi, A.Q., Mansur, M., Muttaqi, K., Dong, Z., et al. (2022) Hydrogen Energy Storage Integrated Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems: A Review Analysis for Future Research Directions. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47, 17285-17312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.03.208
[15]
Tzimas, E., Filiou, C., Peteves, S. and Veyret, J. (2003) Hydrogen Storage: State-of- the-Art and Future Perspective. European Commission, Brussels.
[16]
Faye, O., Szpunar, J. and Eduok, U. (2022) A Critical Review on the Current Technologies for the Generation, Storage, and Transportation of Hydrogen. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47, 13771-13802.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.02.112
[17]
Franzky, S. (2002) High-Pressure 825 Bar Hydrogen Storage. Fuel Cells Bulletin, 2002, 9-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464-2859(02)09026-0
[18]
Wallace, R.L., Cai, Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, K. and Guo, C. (2021) Utility-Scale Subsurface Hydrogen Storage: UK Perspectives and Technology. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46, 25137-25159.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.05.034
[19]
Chen, X., Li, Y., Shi, Y., Yu, Y., Jiang, Y., Liu, Y., et al. (2021) Tightness and Stability Evaluation of Salt Cavern Underground Storage with a New Fluid-Solid Coupling Seepage Model. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 202, Article ID: 108475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petrol.2021.108475
[20]
Zhang, Z., Liu, W., Guo, Q., Duan, X., Li, Y. and Wang, T. (2022) Tightness Evaluation and Countermeasures for Hydrogen Storage Salt Cavern Contains Various Lithological Interlayers. Journal of Energy Storage, 50, Article ID: 104454.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104454
[21]
Heinemann, N., Scafidi, J., Pickup, G., Thaysen, E., Hassanpouryouzband, A., Wilkinson, M., et al. (2021) Hydrogen Storage in Saline Aquifers: The Role of Cushion Gas for Injection and Production. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46, 39284-39296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.174
[22]
Sáinz-García, A., Abarca, E., Rubí, V. and Grandia, F. (2017) Assessment of Feasible Strategies for Seasonal Underground Hydrogen Storage in a Saline Aquifer. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42, 16657-16666.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.05.076
[23]
Thiyagarajan, S.R., Emadi, H., Hussain, A., Patange, P. and Watson, M. (2022) A Comprehensive Review of the Mechanisms and Efficiency of Underground Hydrogen Storage. Journal of Energy Storage, 51, Article ID: 104490.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104490
[24]
Liu, W., Zhang, Z., Chen, J., Jiang, D., Wu, F., Fan, J., et al. (2020) Feasibility Evaluation of Large-Scale Underground Hydrogen Storage in Bedded Salt Rocks of China: A Case Study in Jiangsu Province. Energy, 198, Article ID: 117348.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.117348
[25]
Ozarslan, A. (2012) Large-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage in Salt Caverns. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37, 14265-14277.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.07.111
[26]
Tarkowski, R. (2019) Underground Hydrogen Storage: Characteristics and Prospects. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 105, 86-94.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.01.051
[27]
Heinemann, N., Booth, M., Haszeldine, R.S., Wilkinson, M., Scafidi, J. and Edlmann, K. (2018) Hydrogen Storage in Porous Geological Formations-Onshore Play Opportunities in the Midland Valley (Scotland, UK). International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 43, 20861-20874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.09.149
[28]
Pan, B., Yin, X., Ju, Y. and Iglauer, S. (2021) Underground Hydrogen Storage: Influencing Parameters and Future Outlook. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 294, Article ID: 102473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2021.102473
[29]
ENGIE (2021) H2 in the Underground: Are Salt Caverns the Future of Hydrogen Storage? ENGIE Innovation.
https://innovation.engie.com/en/articles/detail/hydrogene-souterrain-stockage-sel-cavites-mines/25906/12/1
