Pollution in the coastal areas negatively affects
biochemical indicators of seawater, human
health and marine organisms. Hai Phong is a coastal city ofVietnam with the development of socio-economic
activities, representing through an increasing number of industrial
zones. This study is to evaluate the
pollution of large industrial zones in Hai Phong city using numerical models. The numerical simulation (MIKE 21 SW, FM, ECO
Lab) models were applied to simulate the wave propagation, hydraulic
regime, water quality in coastal Hai Phong area. The MIKE 21 ECO Lab model was
used to evaluate sources of waste from the large coastal industrial zones to
some aquaculture zones. The calibration and validation results of wave
propagation and the hydrodynamic models were resonably good, with Nash
coefficient ranging from 0.65 to 0.90 and a percent bias (PBIAS) from 5.6% to
9.4%. The simulation results of water quality and concentration of pollutants
(DO, BOD5, COD, TSS, Fe, and Coliform) in 2023 at the aquaculture
locations show that the BOD5, COD, and TSS concentrations were
higher than the allowable limits stated in the national technical regulation on
surface water quality (QCVN 08:2023/BTNMT) and lower than the allowable limits
stated in the national technical regulation on marine water quality (QCVN
10:2023/BTNMT). The outcomes of this study will provide more information to
support managers to come up with a better socio-economic development plan for
Hai Phong city to achieve sustainable development.
References
[1]
Abbott, M. B., & Ionescu, F. (1967). On The Numerical Computation of Nearly Horizontal Flows. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 5, 97-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221686709500195
[2]
Arne, H., Dagmar, S. (2014). Fundamentals on Ecological Modelling in Coastal Water Including and Example from the River Elbe. Die Küste, 81, 107-118.
[3]
Baghdad, K., Bendraoua, A., & Hasnaoui, A. M. (2015). Assessment of Marine Pollution at Bay of Oran, Algeria. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 1010-1016. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2015.713082
[4]
Das, G. K. (2022). Coastal Tourism and Pollution. In: Coastal Environments of India. Springer Water. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18846-6_11
[5]
DHI (2017a). MIKE 21 ECO Lab. https://www.mikepoweredbydhi.com/products/mike-eco-lab
[6]
DHI (2017b). MIKE 21 Spectral Waves. https://www.mikepoweredbydhi.com/products/mike-21/waves/spectral-waves
[7]
Doan, Q. T., & Chen, Y. C. (2016). Application Environmental Sensitivity Index Maps for Coastal Oil Spill (184 p.). LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing.
[8]
Doan, Q. T., Kandasamy, J., & Nguyen, C. D. (2019c). Quantitative Assessment of Environmental Impacts of Dredging and Dumping Activities on Marine. Applied Sciences, 9, Article No. 1703. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9081703
[9]
Doan, Q. T., Nguyen, C. D., Chen, Y. C., & Mishra, P. K. (2015). Application of Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI). Maps of Shoreline for the Coastal Oil Spills: Case Study of Cat Ba Island, Vietnam. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74, 3433-3451. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4380-0
[10]
Doan, Q. T., Nguyen, T. M. L., & Nguyen, C. D. (2018). Using Numerical Modelling in the Simulation of Mass Fish Death Phenomenon along the Central Coast of Vietnam. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 129, 740-749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.10.065
[11]
Doan, Q. T., Nguyen, T. M. L., Quach, T. T. T., Tran, A. P., & Nguyen, C. D. (2019b). Assessment of Water Quality in Coastal Estuaries under Impact of Industrial Zone in Hai Phong, Vietnam. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 113, 100-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2019.04.003
[12]
Doan, Q. T., Nguyen, T. M. L., Tran, H. T., & Kandasamy, J. (2019a). Application of 1D-2D Coupled Modeling in Water Quality Assessment: A Case Study in Ca Mau Peninsula, Vietnam. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 113, 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2018.10.004
[13]
Duc, T. M., & Thang, L. V. (2018). Developing Environmental Sensitivity Maps for Coastal Oil Spills in Ninh Thuan Province. Journal of Science and Technology, 31, 16-26. (In Vietnamese) https://doi.org/10.46242/jst-iuh.v31i01.357
[14]
Duong, T. N., & Le, V. N. (2019). Coastal Water Quality in the Northern Part of Vietnam. Vietnam Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 19, 89-102. (In Vietnamese)
[15]
Duong, T. N., Le, V. N., Pham, T. K., Le, X. S., Dinh, H. N., & Cao, T. T. T. (2020). Water Environment Quality at Coastal Monitoring Station in Vietnam 2019. Vietnam Journal of Chemistry, 58, 147-152. (In Vietnamese)
[16]
Elsagh, A., Jalilian, H., & Aslshabestari, M. G. (2023). Evaluation of Heavy Metal Pollution in Coastal Sediments of Bandar Abbas, the Persian Gulf, Iran: Mercury Pollution and Environmental Geochemical Indices. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 167, Article ID: 112314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112314
[17]
Gülşen-Rothmund, H. İ., Arslan, Ş., Kurtuluş, B., Tunca, E., Avşar, U., & Avşar, Ö. (2023). Assessment of Trace Metal Pollution in the Coastal Sediments of Fethiye-Göcek Bay (SW Turkey) and Evaluation of Pollution Sources. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 186, Article ID: 114387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114387
[18]
Jeong, H., & Ra, K. (2023). Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessments for Heavy Metals in Coastal, River, and Road-Deposited Sediments from Apia City in Upolu Island, Samoa. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 188, Article ID: 114596. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114596
[19]
Komen, G. J., Cavaleri, L., Doneland, M., Hasselmann, K., Hasselmann, S., & Janssen, P. A. E. M. (2010). Dynamics and Modelling of Ocean Waves (560 p.) Cambridge University Press.
[20]
Le, T. V., Do, D. D., & Nguyen, B. (2023a). Spatiotemporal Assessment and Pollution-Source Identification and Quantification of the Surface Water System in a Coastal Region of Vietnam. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 68, 782-793. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2023.2192352
[21]
Le, T. V., Nguyen, D. T. P., & Nguyen, B. T. (2023b). Spatial and Temporal Analysis and Quantification of Pollution Sources of the Surface Water Quality in a Coastal Province in Vietnam. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 195, Article No. 408. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-023-11026-x
[22]
Liu, S., Lou, S., Kuang, C., Huang, W., Chen, W., Zhang, J., & Zhong, G. (2011). Water Quality Assessment by Pollution-Index Method in the Coastal Waters of Hebei Province in Western Bohai Sea, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, 2220-2229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2011.06.021
[23]
Luo, M., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Hu, W., Xiao, K., Yu, S., Zheng, C., & Wang, X. (2022). Pollution Assessment and Sources of Dissolved Heavy Metals in Coastal Water of a Highly Urbanized Coastal Area: The Role of Groundwater Discharge. Science of the Total Environment, 807, Article ID: 151070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151070
[24]
Mandour, A., Kh. El-Sayed, M., El-Gamal, A. A., Khadr, A. M., & Elshazly, A. (2021). Temporal Distribution of Trace Metals Pollution Load Index in the Nile Delta Coastal Surface Sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 167, Article ID: 112290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112290
[25]
Mohseni, F., Saba, F., Mirmazloumi, S. M., Amani, M., Mokhtarzade, M., Jamali, S., & Mahdavi, S. (2022). Ocean Water Quality Monitoring Using Remote Sensing Techniques: A Review. Marine Environmental Research, 180, Article ID: 105701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105701
[26]
Rangel-Buitrago, N., Rizzo, A., Neal, W. J., & Giuseppe Mastronuzzi, G. (2023). Sediment Pollution in Coastal and Marine Environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 192, Article ID: 115023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115023
[27]
Şener, E., Şener, Ş., & Bulut, C. (2023). Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Quality in Lake Water and Sediment by Various Index Methods and GIS: A Case Study in Beyşehir Lake, Turkey. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 192, Article ID: 115101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115101
[28]
Serviere-Zaragoza, E., Lluch-Cota, S. E., Mazariegos-Villarreal, A., Balart, E. F., Valencia-Valdez, H., & Méndez-Rodríguez, L. C. (2021). Cadmium, Lead, Copper, Zinc, and Iron Concentration Patterns in Three Marine Fish Species from Two Different Mining Sites inside the Gulf of California, Mexico. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18, Article No. 844. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020844
[29]
Sivanandan, A., Sivashanthini Kuganathan, S., & Ketheesan, B. (2023). Assessment of Water Quality and Pollution in Gurunagar Fishery Harbour, Jaffna, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 9, 213-221. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.9.1.0394
[30]
Slama, T., Nouet, J., Chassefière, E., El Menif, N. T., & Lahbib, Y. (2021). Monitoring of Coastal Pollution Using Shell Alterations in the False Limpet Siphonaria pectinata. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 173, Article ID: 113063. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113063
[31]
Sumantra, I. K., Soken, M. G., Wiryawan, W. G., & Wijaya, M. W. (2022). Marine Water Pollution Index in Intensive Shrimp Cultivation System in Jembrana. Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 18, 726-736. https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v18n6.2767
[32]
Thiyagarajan, V., Tsoi, M. M. Y., Zhang, W., & Qian, P. Y. (2010). Temporal Variation of Coastal Surface Sediment Bacterial Communities along an Environmental Pollution Gradient. Marine Environmental Research, 70, 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2010.03.002
[33]
Thompson-Saud, G., & Wenger, A. S. (2022). Common Characteristics of Successful Water Quality Improvement through Point Source Pollution Management. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 185, Article ID: 114281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114281
[34]
Tran, D. L., Cao, T. T. T., Duong, T. N., & Do, T. T. H. (2013). Assessing Environmental Conflicts in Vietnam: Case Studies of Hai Phong and Nha Trang City. In A. Z. Khan, L. X. Quynh, F. Canters, & E. Corijn (Eds.), Environmental Conflicts in Coastal Urban Areas: Towards a Strategic Assessment Framework for Sustainable Development. Cap. 9. SECOA FP7 Research Project (Vol. 4, pp. 356-386). Sapienza Università Editrice.
[35]
Trang, C. T. T., Lan, T. D., Nghi, D. T., & Huong, D. T. T. (2012). Environmental Conflicts in the Coastal Zone of Hai Phong. Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 12, 46-56. (In Vietnamese) http://113.160.249.209:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11957
[36]
Tyre, K. N., Brewton, R. A., Keiger, L. B., & Lapointe, B. E. (2023). Widespread Human Waste Pollution in Surface Waters Observed Throughout the Urbanized, Coastal Communities of Lee County, Florida, USA. Science of the Total Environment, 879, Article ID: 162716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162716
[37]
Vu, D. V., Nguyen, M. H., & Do, G. K. (2020). Impacts of Pollution Discharges from Dinh Vu Industrial Zone on Water Quality in the Hai Phong Coastal Area. Vietnam Journal of Marine Science and Technology, 20, 173-187. https://doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/20/2/14071
[38]
Wamdi Group (1988). The WAM Mode—A Third Generation Ocean Wave Prediction Model. Journal of Physical Oceanography, 18, 1775-1810. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0485(1988)018<1775:TWMTGO>2.0.CO;2
[39]
Xiong, J., Zheng, Y., Zhang, J., Quan, F., Lu, H., & Zeng, H. (2023). Impact of Climate Change on Coastal Water Quality and Its Interaction with Pollution Prevention Efforts. Journal of Environmental Management, 325, Article ID: 116557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116557
[40]
Xu, N., Jiang, L., Zhang, Y., Shen, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, S., & Yuan, Q. (2023). Microplastic Pollution in the Offshore Sea, Rivers and Wastewater Treatment Plants in Jiangsu Coastal Area in China. Marine Environmental Research, 188, Article ID: 105992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.105992
[41]
Xu, W., & Zhang, Z. (2022). Impact of Coastal Urbanization on Marine Pollution: Evidence from China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, Article No. 10718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710718
[42]
Yang, H. J., Jeong, H. J., Bong, K. M., Jin, D. R., Kang, T. W., Ryu, H.-S., Han, J. H., Yang, W. J., Jung, H., Hwang, S. H., & Na, E. H. (2020). Organic Matter and Heavy Metal in River Sediments of Southwestern Coastal Korea: Spatial Distributions, Pollution, and Ecological Risk Assessment. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 159, Article ID: 111466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111466
[43]
Yusal, M. S., Mafai, M. A., Hadisusanto, S., & Khakhim, N. (2019). Water Quality Study Based on Meiofauna Abundance and Pollution Index in the Coastal Zone of Losari Beach, Makassar. Jurnal Ilmu Lingkungan, 17, 172-180. https://doi.org/10.14710/jil.17.1.172-180
[44]
Zhou, D., Yu, M., Yu, J., Li, Y., Guan, B., Wang, X., Wang, Z., Lv, Z., Qu, F., & Yang, J. (2021). Impacts of Inland Pollution Input on Coastal Water Quality of the Bohai Sea. Science of the Total Environment, 765, Article ID: 142691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142691
