|
|
Aging Research 2023
人口老龄化与企业技术创新的关系及其影响机制——基于行业异质性视角
|
Abstract:
本文梳理了人口老龄化与企业技术创新的相关研究进展，在行业异质性视角下，探索了人口老龄化与企业技术创新的关系，揭示了年龄结构老化对不同行业、不同产业技术创新的异质性影响，并基于劳动者要素、资本要素和要素禀赋结构三个角度厘清了人口老龄化影响企业技术创新的内在逻辑与作用机制。研究发现：不同行业的技术创新受人口老龄化的影响存在异质性。人口老龄化既可能通过降低员工的身体机能和认知能力、加大企业用工成本及增加国家养老负担等挤占企业科技创新资源，从而阻碍企业技术创新；也可能通过提供丰富工作经验、与青年员工形成优势互补、倒逼企业技术升级、转变要素禀赋结构等促进企业技术创新。本文在理论上丰富了老龄化与企业技术创新的关系的认识，在实践上也有利于中国积极应对老龄化并以创新驱动发展，从而实现经济高质量发展。
This paper reviews the relevant research progress of population aging and enterprise technological innovation, explores the relationship between population aging and enterprise technological innovation from the perspective of industrial heterogeneity, and reveals the influence of aging age structure on the heterogeneity of technological innovation in different industries and industries. Based on labor factor, capital factor and factor endowment structure, the internal logic and mechanism of the influence of population aging on enterprise technological innovation are clarified. The results show that there is heterogeneity of technological innovation in different industries affected by population aging. The aging of population may not only reduce the physical and mental function of employees, increase the labor cost of enterprises and increase the burden of the state pension, but also occupy the technological innovation resources of enterprises, thus hindering the technological innovation of enterprises. It is also possible to promote technological innovation of enterprises by providing rich work experience, forming complementary advantages with young employees, forcing enterprises to upgrade technology and changing factor endowment structure. In theory, this paper enriches the understanding of the relationship between aging and enterprise technological innovation. In practice, it also has important practical significance for China to actively cope with aging and achieve innovative development.
| [1] | Lancia, F. and Prarolo, G. (2009) Life Expectancy, Human Capital Accumulation, Technological Adoption and the Process of Economic Growth. In: Kuhn, M. and Ochsen, C., Eds., Labour Markets and Demographic Change, Springer, Berlin, 169-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91478-7_9 |
| [2] | 姚东旻, 李三希, 林思思. 老龄化会影响科技创新吗——基于年龄结构与创新能力的文献分析[J]. 管理评论, 2015, 27(8): 56-67. https://doi.org/10.14120/j.cnki.cn11-5057/f.2015.08.006 |
| [3] | Meyer, J. (2009) Older Workers and the Adoption of New Technologies in ICT-Intensive Services. In: Kuhn, M. and Ochsen, C., Eds., Labour Markets and Demographic Change, Springer, Berlin, 85-119.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91478-7_5 |
| [4] | Ang, J. and Madsen, J.B. (2015) Imitation versus Innovation in an Aging Society: International Evidence since 1870. Journal of Population Economics, 28, 299-327. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-014-0513-0 |
| [5] | Frosch, K. and Tivig, T. (2009) Age, Human Capital and the Geography of Innovation. In: Kuhn, M. and Ochsen, C., Eds., Labour Markets and Demographic Change, Springer, Berlin, 137-146.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-531-91478-7_7 |
| [6] | 陆杰华, 韦晓丹. 劳动力老化对经济发展的影响机理及其战略应对[J]. 中国特色社会主义研究, 2022(3): 18-30. |
| [7] | Hetze, P. (2007) Team Composition and Knowledge Transfer within an Ageing Workforce. |
| [8] | 汪伟, 姜振茂. 人口老龄化对技术进步的影响研究综述[J]. 中国人口科学, 2016(3): 114-125+128. |
| [9] | Izmirlioglu, Y. (2008) The Impact of Population Ageing on Technological Progress and TFP Growth, with Application to United States: 1950-2050. |
| [10] | 沈蕾, 郭岩. 老龄化对高技术产业技术创新的影响研究——基于子行业、企业规模异质性的分析[J]. 工业技术经济, 2020, 39(12): 78-87. |
| [11] | Boot, C.W.R. (2009) Aging and Information Technology Use: Potential and Barriers. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 253-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01647.x |
| [12] | S？rensen, R.J. (2013) Does Aging Affect Preferences for Welfare Spending? A Study of Peoples’ Spending Preferences in 22 Countries, 1985-2006. European Journal of Political Economy, 29, 259-271.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2012.09.004 |
| [13] | 黄鲁成, 刘春文, 苗红, 吴菲菲. 开展依靠科技创新应对人口老龄化研究的思考[J]. 中国软科学, 2019(5): 1-10. |
| [14] | 赵昕东, 陈丽珍. 老龄化对劳动生产率的影响是否存在行业差别?——基于智力型与体力型服务行业的证据[J]. 学习与探索, 2019(6): 118-124. |
| [15] | 唐未兵, 傅元海, 王展祥. 技术创新、技术引进与经济增长方式转变[J]. 经济研究, 2014, 49(7): 31-43. |
| [16] | 王雷. 劳动力成本、就业保护与企业技术创新[J]. 中国人口科学, 2017(1): 71-80+127. |
| [17] | 袁玺葳. 劳动力年龄对技术创新的影响研究——基于238个城市面板数据的实证分析[J]. 生产力研究, 2021(7): 18-24+63. https://doi.org/10.19374/j.cnki.14-1145/f.2021.07.004 |
| [18] | Kanfer, R. and Ackerman, P.L. (2004) Aging, Adult Development, and Work Motivation. Academy of Management Review, 29, 440-458. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2004.13670969 |
| [19] | 陆杰华, 刘芹. 中国老龄社会新形态的特征、影响及其应对策略——基于“七普”数据的解读[J]. 人口与经济, 2021(5): 13-24. |
| [20] | 刘成坤. 人口老龄化与制造业高质量发展: 机制分析与实证检验[J/OL]. 南昌大学学报(人文社会科学版): 1-13.
https://doi.org/10.13764/j.cnki.ncds.20230404.001, 2023-04-28. |
| [21] | 姚东旻, 宁静, 韦诗言. 老龄化如何影响科技创新[J]. 世界经济, 2017, 40(4): 105-128.
https://doi.org/10.19985/j.cnki.cassjwe.2017.04.006 |
| [22] | 李竞博, 高瑗. 人口老龄化视角下的技术创新与经济高质量发展[J]. 人口研究, 2022, 46(2): 102-116. |
| [23] | Haan, P. and Prowse, V. (2013) Longevity, Life-Cycle Behavior and Pension Reform.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1916585 |
| [24] | 张博, 杨丽梅, 陶涛. 人口老龄化与劳动力成本粘性[J]. 会计研究, 2022(1): 59-69. |
| [25] | 林志帆, 刘诗源. 税收负担与企业研发创新——来自世界银行中国企业调查数据的经验证据[J]. 财政研究, 2017(2): 98-112. https://doi.org/10.19477/j.cnki.11-1077/f.2017.02.009 |
| [26] | 袁传攀, 湛文倩. 人口老龄化对企业发展的影响[J]. 经营与管理, 2011(6): 93-94.
https://doi.org/10.16517/j.cnki.cn12-1034/f.2011.06.014 |
| [27] | Levin, S.G. and Stephan, P.E. (1991) Research Productivity over the Life Cycle: Evidence for Academic Scientists. The American Economic Review, 81, 114-132. |
| [28] | Jones, B.F. (2010) Age and Great Invention. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92, 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.1162/rest.2009.11724 |
| [29] | Irmen, A. (2009) Population Aging and the Direction of Technical Change.
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1532690 |
| [30] | Schneider, L. (2008) Alterung und Technologisches Innovationspotential. Zeitschrift für Bev？lkerungswissenschaft, 33, 37-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12523-008-0004-z |
| [31] | 王笳旭, 冯波, 王淑娟. 人口老龄化、技术创新与经济增长——基于中国省际面板数据的实证分析[J]. 华中科技大学学报(社会科学版), 2017, 31(5): 116-126. https://doi.org/10.19648/j.cnki.jhustss1980.2017.05.022 |
| [32] | Rouvinen, P. (2002) Characteristics of Product and Process Innovators: Some Evidence from the Finnish Innovation Survey. Applied Economics Letters, 9, 575-580. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504850110108102 |
| [33] | Zwart, B.C.H., et al. (1996) Physical Workload and the Ageing Worker: A Review of the Literature. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 68, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01831627 |
| [34] | Bosek, M., et al. (2005) Degradation of Postural Control System as a Consequence of Parkinson’s Disease and Ageing. Neuroscience Letters, 376, 215-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.056 |
| [35] | Czaja, S.J. and Lee, C.C. (2005) The Impact of aging on Access to Technology. Universal Access in the Information Society, 5, 341-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-006-0060-x |
| [36] | Sun, C.Y. (2020) The Impact of Population Ageing and Labor Supply on Economic Growth-Analysis Based on Panel Autoregressive Model. HOLISTICA—Journal of Business and Public Administration, 11, 51-58.
https://doi.org/10.2478/hjbpa-2020-0004 |
