This paper outlines a mechanical transformation process
for rubber recycling, demonstrating the development of a new material from used tires. With the crumbs obtained
using a crusher-compactor, a novel material for the manufacture of O-rings has been
developed, with properties close to those found on the market. The process includes
an experimental methodology of a sulfur vulcanization system choice and the quantification
of ingredients, as well as the experimental determination of cure parameters. Mechanical
tests on the samples completed the work by providing the mechanical characteristics
of both unaged and aged (thermo-oxidative ageing) novel material. This process has a high potential for sustainable development and industrialization,
making it a valuable contribution to the recycling of rubber in African developing
countries.
References
[1]
Jeronen, E. (2013) Sustainability and Sustainable Development. In: Idowu, S.O., Capaldi, N., Zu, L. and Gupta, A.D., Eds., Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility, Springer, Berlin, 2370-2378.
[2]
Gautam, P., Kumar, S. and Lokhandwala, S. (2019) Chapter 11. Energy-Aware Intelligence in Megacities. In: Kumar, S., Kumar, R. and Pandey, A., Eds., Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 211-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-64083-3.00011-7
[3]
Mensah, J. (2019) Sustainable Development: Meaning, History, Principles, Pillars, and Implications for Human Action: Literature Review. Cogent Social Sciences, 5, Article ID: 1653531. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2019.1653531
[4]
Dommanget, P., Loiseau, O. and Masiero, S. (1998) Le Recyclage des Matériaux. Que Sais-je? PUF.
[5]
Fazli, A. and Rodrigue, D. (2020) Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review. Journal of Composites Science, 4, Article No. 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030103
[6]
Sharma, P., Sharma, A., Sharma, A. and Srivastava, P. (2016) Automobile Waste and Its Management. Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, 4, 1-7.
[7]
Blackley, D.C. (2012) Synthetic Rubbers: Their Chemistry and Technology. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin.
[8]
Biron, M. (2000) Elastomères Thermoplastiques. Techniques Ingénieur. https://doi.org/10.51257/a-v1-am3400
[9]
Martinon, P. (1998) Caractéristiques des Elastomères. Techniques Ingénieur. https://doi.org/10.51257/a-v2-k380
[10]
Formela, K. (2021) Sustainable Development of Waste Tires Recycling Technologies—Recent Advances, Challenges and Future Trends. Advanced Industrial and Engineering Polymer Research, 4, 209-222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aiepr.2021.06.004
[11]
Philgea, M. (2015) State of the Art of the End of Life Tyres Rubber Granulates Sector in France, Europe And Other Countries. ADEME and DGPR, Paris.
[12]
The Schumacher Centre for Technology & Development (1999) Recycling of Rubber. Technical Brief by Practical Action.
[13]
Lecointre, E., Filmon, K., Deloitte, M.V., Salès, K., Kuch, P., Kern, O. and Maccario, F. (2018) Rapport Annuel de l’Observatoire des Pneus Usagés—Données 2017. ADEME, Paris, 91 p.
[14]
Fernández, A., Barriocanal, C. and Alvarez, R. (2012) Pyrolysis of a Waste from the Grinding of Scrap Tyres. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 203, 236-243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.014
[15]
Mohajerani, A., Burnett, L., Smith, J.V., Markovski, S., Rodwell, G., Rahman, T., Kurmus, H., Mirzababaei, M., Arulrajah, A., Horpibulsuk, S., et al. (2020) Recycling Waste Rubber Tyres in Construction Materials and Associated Environmental Considerations: A Review. Resources, Conservation, and Recycling, 155, Article ID: 104679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.104679
[16]
Debo, L.G. and van Wassenhove, L.N. (2005) Tire Recovery: The RetreadCo Case. In: Flapper, S.D.P., van Nunen, J.A. and van Wassenhove, L.N., Eds., Managing Closed-Loop Supply Chains, Springer, Berlin, 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27251-8_11
[17]
Conan, H. (2002) Analyse des Procédés de Recyclage des Déchets au Vietnam pouvant être Transférés vers l’Afrique. BURGEAP, Février 2002.
[18]
Mmereki, D., Machola, B. and Mokokwe, K. (2019) Status of Waste Tires and Management Practice in Botswana. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 69, 1230-1246. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2017.1279696
[19]
C. Otto Gehrckens GmbH & Co. KG (2022) O-Ring Basics. Dichtungstechnik—Seal Technology, Pinneberg. https://www.cog.de
EFJM, The Designer of Sealing Functions (2022) Standard Seals. Properties of the Materials. Saint Lubin des Joncherets. http://www.efjm.eu
[22]
Stern, H.J. (1967) Rubber: Natural and Synthetic. Maclaren.
[23]
Vaysse, L., Bonfils, F., Sainte-Beuve, J. and Cartault, M. (2012) Natural Rubber. In: Matyjaszewski, K. and Möller, M., Eds., Polymer Science: A Comprehensive Reference, Vol. 10, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 281-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-53349-4.00267-3
[24]
Evans, A. and Evans, R. (2006) The Composition of a Tyre: Typical Components. The Waste & Resources Action Programme, Banbury, 5.
[25]
Bockstal, L., Berchem, T., Schmetz, Q. and Richel, A. (2019) Devulcanisation and Reclaiming of Tires and Rubber by Physical and Chemical Processes: A Review. Journal of Clean Production, 236, Article ID: 117574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.049
[26]
Ehabe, E.E. and Saeed, A.F. (2001) Chemical Kinetics of Vulcanization and Compression Set. European Polymer Journal, 37, 329-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-3057(00)00112-9
[27]
Wonkam, D., Ehabe, E.E., Ngolemassango, F., Nkouonkam, B. and Livonnière, H. (2000) Effect of Epoxidized Liquid Natural Rubber on Nitrile/Butadiene Rubber Based Mixes. Plastics, Rubber and Composites, 29, 420-426. https://doi.org/10.1179/146580100101541256
[28]
Scott, J.R. (1965) Physical Testing of Rubbers. Maclaren, London, 356 p.
[29]
Cheymol, A. (2006) Processing of Elastomers 2 (Mise en œuvre des élastomères 2). Traité MIM, série polymères, Hermès Lavoisier.
[30]
Rivas-Vázquez, L.P., Suárez-Orduña, R., Hernández-Torres, J., et al. (2015) Effect of the Surface Treatment of Recycled Rubber on the Mechanical Strength of Composite Concrete/Rubber. Materials and Structures, 48, 2809-2814. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0355-y
[31]
Ogbebor, O.J., Farid, A.S. and Okwu, U.N. (2004) Properties of Silica/Clay Filled Heavy-Duty Truck Tire Thread Formulation. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 94, 1024-1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.20921
