表见代理视域下“人章不一致”时合同效力探析——兼论《民法典》第172条
Analysis of Contract Validity When the “Person and Official Seal Are Inconsistent” from Apparent Agency—Also on Article 172 of the Civil Code

在合同实务中，很多情形下都会涉及公章的使用，当遇到公章效力认定问题时，人们往往以日常经验或直觉判断来处理，其中借用表见代理规则作为处理手段则最为常见。这反映出经济生活中最常见的公章却缺乏基本的使用规则问题，合同纠纷处理中最基础的公章效力判定最易于出现裁判偏差。因此，本文从表见代理理论出发，探讨“人章不一致”时的类型化处理规则。通过对《民法典》第172条的解释完善解决思路，深入研究表见代理构成要件与司法实践做法，有助于精准识别“人章不一致”时的表见代理情形，从而妥善判断三角关系下合同的效力问题，公平地分配表见代理情形下的权利与义务，责任与风险。
In contract practice, the use of official seal is involved in many situations. When the problem of determining the validity of official seal is encountered, people tend to deal with it by daily experience or intuitive judgment, among which the use of apparent agency rule as a means of handling is the most common. This reflects that the most common official seal in economic life is lack of basic rules of use, and the most basic official seal validity judgment in contract dispute processing is the most prone to judgment deviation. Therefore, based on the apparent agency theory, this paper discusses the typified processing rules when the “person and official seal are inconsistent”. Through the in-terpretation of Article 172 of the Civil Code to improve the solution ideas, in-depth research on the constitutive requirements of apparent agency and judicial practice, it is helpful to accurately identify the apparent agency problem when the “person and official seal are inconsistent”, so as to properly judge the effectiveness of the contract under the triangular relationship, and fairly distribute the rights and obligations, responsibilities and risks under the apparent agency situation.