Voltage and frequency are usually considered and assessed independently
in the design and operation of electrical networks. However, these two are
linked. Each and every malfunctioning electrical system has an impact on both
voltage and frequency. This paper presents the opportunity for monitoring the
distributed electrical energy by means of a system that monitors, controls, and
provides a breakpoint based on high or low voltage and frequency tripping
mechanism that avoids any damage to the load. The designed system comprised a
switch mode power supply (SMPS), a direct digital synthesizer (DDS), and
PIC16F876A microcontroller techniques for stable voltage and frequency outputs.
Proteus design suite version 8.11 software and Benchcope SDS1102CN were used
for modeling and simulation. The hardware prototype was implemented at a
telecom cell site for data capturing and analysis. Test results showed that the
implementation of the prototype provided stable and constant outputs of 222
V/50 Hz and 112 V/60 Hz which constituted 99% and 99.8% efficiency for voltage
and frequency performance respectively. The paper also discusses different
technologies that can be adopted by the system to mitigate voltage and
frequency effects on customer appliances.
References
[1]
Justo, J.J., Mwasilu, F., Lee, J. and Jung, J.W. (2013) AC-Microgrids versus DC-Microgrids with Distributed Energy Resources, A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 24, 387-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.03.067
[2]
Planas, E., Andreu, J., Gárate, I., Alegría, M. and Ibarra, E. (2015) AC and DC Technology in Micro-Grids: A Review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 43, 726-749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.11.067
[3]
Sarvani, B.N., Thulasi, B.V., Rahul, K., Kumar, K.S. and Varma, V.S. (2017) Detection of Power Grid Synchronization Failure on Sensing Frequency and Voltage Beyond Acceptable Range and Load Protection. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 4, 1955-1957.
[4]
Adabara, I. (2018) Design and Implementation of an Automatic High-Performance Voltage Stabilizer. International Journal of Engineering Information Systems (IJEAIS), 2, 1-10.
[5]
Koolman, G., van der Werk, B. and Gerrits, T. (2017) Design of a Bi-Directional Flyback DC/DC Converter for a Stand-Alone Solar-Powered Bike Charging Station. Bachelor’s Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, 48.
[6]
Vankka, J. Waltari, M., Kosunen, M. and Halonen, K.A.I. (1998) Direct Digital Synthesizer with an On-Chip D/A-Converter. IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, 33, 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1109/4.658623
[7]
Rao, R.K., Srinivas P. and Kumar, M.V.S. (2014) Design and Analysis of Various Inverters Using Different PWM Techniques. The International Journal of Engineering and Science (IJES), 41-51.
[8]
Azze, Q.A. and Ali, M.H. (2020) Design and Implement of Pulse Width Modulation with Low-Cost Hardware in the Loop. International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS), 11, 870-878.
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i2.pp870-878
