上帝与善：弗朗西斯？哈奇森的启蒙主义道德认识论
God and Good: Francis Hutcheson’s Enlightenment Moral Epistemology

传统观念认为启蒙运动是批判宗教与倡导理性主义的运动，但从哈奇森等启蒙思想家的著作来看，这种观念是不太全面的。哈奇森以洛克的认知理论为基础开创了“道德感官”理论，并以此反驳霍布斯等理性主义者。在哈奇森的道德认识路径当中，上帝为我们设计了道德感官，并以此促进社会整体的公共善，我们的仁爱之情也由此而生。哈奇森的感官虽然需要基于实践，但只要人能够在精神上表现出应有的德性，人的价值与神圣性便可得以确证。根据哈奇森的理论，可以看出“上帝”与“善”在很大程度上是一体的，求善之路径乃至善这一概念的存在都源自上帝，因此哈奇森的思想虽具有强烈的启蒙人学色彩，却并没有“批判宗教”的表现。
Many people believe that the Enlightenment was a movement that criticized religion and pro-moted rationalism, but we can see from the writings of Francis Hutcheson and others that this idea is wrong. Hutcheson used Locke’s theory of cognition to propose that people have “moral senses” and used it to refute rationalists such as Hobbes. In Hutcheson’s moral epistemology, God designed our moral senses to promote the communal good in society, and our benevolence is born from it. For Hutcheson, as long as a person exhibits spiritual virtue, that person is divine. According to Hutcheson’s theory, it is clear that the good in the world derives from the goodness of God, and that the path of seeking goodness and even the existence of the concept of goodness derived from God. Therefore, although Hutcheson’s theory is strongly enlightened anthropology, it does not criticize the manifestation of religion.