法定代表人越权担保效力判定与责任承担
The Legal Representative’s Ultra Vires Guar-antee Effectiveness Judgment and Responsibility

法定代表人越权担保是法定代表人超越其代表权限以公司名义对外提供担保的行为。《公司法》第16条系法定代表人代表权的法定限制，并未直接提供法定代表人越权担保合同效力判定的思路。在“代表权限制说”下，相对人与公司签订担保合同时应对法定代表人权限进行必要的形式审查。若相对人尽到合理审查义务则判定其主观善意，法定代表人的越权担保构成表见代表，担保合同对公司发生效力，公司需承担相应的担保责任。反之，若相对人未尽到合理审查义务则判定其主观上非善意，除非公司追认，否则合同不对公司发生效力。此外，基于公司并不具备缔约人身份，为保证过错承担的可行性与标准严格性，应坚持“否定说”，即公司既不承担担保责任，亦不应承担缔约过失责任，以保证公司及股东与相对人利益的衡平，营造良性的市场融资秩序。
The legal representative’s ultra vires guarantee is the act that the legal representative exceeds his/her authority to provide guarantee in the name of the company. Article 16 of the Company Law is the legal restriction on the legal representative’s right of representation, and does not directly provide the idea of determining the validity of the legal representative’s ultra vires guarantee contract. Under the “representation limit theory”, when the counterpart signs the guarantee contract with the company, the legal representative’s authority shall be subject to necessary formal review. If the opposite party fulfills the reasonable review obligation, its subjective good faith will be judged. The ultra vires guarantee of the legal representative constitutes a representative on the table. The guarantee contract is effective for the company, and the company shall bear the corresponding guarantee liability. On the contrary, if the counterpart fails to fulfill the reasonable review obligation, it will be judged that it is not in good faith subjectively. Unless the company confirms, the contract will not be effective for the company. In addition, based on the fact that the company does not have the status of contracting party, in order to ensure the feasibility of fault bearing and the strictness of the standard, it should adhere to the “negation theory”, that is, the company should neither assume the liability for guarantee nor the liability for fault in contracting, so as to ensure the equity of the interests of the company and its shareholders and the counterpart, and create a benign market financing order.