|
|
自杀意念者产生自杀行动的双系统模型
|
Abstract:
自杀一直以来是全球非自然死亡的主要原因之一，目前已有大量用于解释自杀行为的理论，但缺乏对自杀意念到自杀行动产生的内部机制的完善解释。自杀可以看作是自我控制失败的结果，借助于自我控制的双系统模型理论，分别从冲动系统和控制系统展开了对自杀意念者产生自杀行动的内部机制的分析。基于自杀意念者的负性情绪、高自我损耗、低认知灵活性三种心理特征，冲动系统能够引起自杀行动的自动化加工；控制系统对自杀行动的产生既有抑制作用，也有一定的促进作用；状态和特质边界条件影响冲动系统和控制系统的强弱关系。通过对自杀行动产生的内部机制进行探讨，为自杀理论的相关理论研究提供新的方向。未来可对自杀行动产生的双系统模型进行实证检验，识别出不同类型自杀者的控制系统差异，探究冲动系统内外部影响因素的交互作用。
Suicide has always been one of the main reasons of unnatural death in the world. At present, there are many theories of suicide to explain suicidal behaviors, but there is a lack of systematic explanation of the internal mechanism from suicidal ideation to suicidal actions. Suicide can be regarded as the result of self-control failures. According to the dual-systems model of self-control, the internal mechanism that suicidal ideators generate suicidal actions is analyzed from the aspect of the impulsive system and the reflective system respectively. Based on the three psychological characteristics of suicidal ideators, including negative emotion, high ego loss and low cognitive flexibility, impulsive system can lead to automatic processing of suicidal actions. The reflective system both inhibits and promotes suicidal actions. The state and trait boundary conditions affect the strong relationship between the impulse system and the reflective system. The discussion of the internal mechanism of suicide actions provides a new direction for the research of suicide theories. In the future, it is necessary to carry out empirical test for the dual-systems model of generating suicidal actions. It also needs to identify the differences of the reflective system of different types of suicide victims and explore the interaction between internal and external factors in the impulsive system.
| [1] | 卜庆阳(2017). 自我损耗对双系统模型下个体冲动系统的影响. 硕士学位论文, 曲阜: 曲阜师范大学. |
| [2] | 杜睿, 江光荣(2015). 自杀行为: 影响因素、理论模型及研究展望. 心理科学进展, 23(8), 1437-1452. |
| [3] | 黎建斌(2013). 自我控制资源与认知资源相互影响的机制: 整合模型. 心理科学进展, 21(2), 235-242. |
| [4] | 李献云, 费立鹏, 王玉萍, 杨荣山, 张迟, 及惠郁, 何凤生(2003). 冲动性与非冲动性自杀未遂的比较. 中国神经精神疾病杂志, 29(1), 27-31. |
| [5] | 梁虹, 王利刚, 樊春雷, 陶婷, 高文斌(2016). 青少年自我控制双系统与网络成瘾的关系研究. 中国全科医学, 19(9), 1076-1080. |
| [6] | 刘毅, 王君起, 邬辛佳(2020). 双系统模型视角下的罪犯自我控制. 心理科学进展, 28(8), 1379-1391. |
| [7] | 马红秀, 李亚静, 杨紫欣, 张楠, 马红霞, 刘艳(2022). 人格在大学生负性生活事件和自杀意念间的中介作用. 中国健康心理学杂志, 30(2), 271-275. |
| [8] | 马钰, 肖晨洁, 车敬上, 王海侠, 李爱梅(2020). 自我损耗降低决策理性: 心理机制与边界条件. 心理科学进展, 28(11), 1911-1925. |
| [9] | 麦伊灵(2021). 应激状态下自杀行为者的风险决策特点及情绪调节策略的调节作用. 硕士学位论文, 广州: 南方医科大学. |
| [10] | 石慧芬, 范翠英, 褚晓伟, 张雪晨, 吴玲玲(2020). 青少年网络受欺负与网络欺负: 攻击规范信念与自我控制双系统的作用. 心理科学, 43(5), 1117-1124. |
| [11] | 童建冲, 胡霞霞, 钟佳丽, 汤文杰, 施侠峰(2017). 团体心理干预对青少年自我控制调节和时间管理的效用分析. 见 浙江省心理卫生协会第十二届学术年会暨浙江省第三届心理咨询师大会学术论文集(pp. 230-233). 浙江省科学技术协会. |
| [12] | 王雪珩, 王利刚, 陶婷, 樊春雷, 高文斌(2015). 3-9岁儿童自我控制及其与注意缺陷多动症状的相关分析. 中国心理卫生杂志, 29(7), 556-558. |
| [13] | 熊明生, 闵洁(2021). 自我损耗与锻炼规律性对负性情绪图片注意偏向的影响. 武汉体育学院学报, 55(1), 73-79. |
| [14] | 张红霞(2013). 大学生自杀危机识别与干预研究. 校园心理, 11(6), 397-398. |
| [15] | 张静怡, 崔雪英, 陶婷, 王利刚, 高文斌(2019). 青年人人格、自我控制双系统与拖延的关系. 中国心理卫生杂志, 33(3), 232-237. |
| [16] | 张静怡, 陶婷, 高文斌(2017). 大五人格对大学生拖延的影响: 自我控制双系统的中介作用. 中国心理学会. 见 第二十届全国心理学学术会议——心理学与国民心理健康摘要集(pp. 989-990). 中国心理学会. |
| [17] | Balasubramaniam, M. (2018). Rational Suicide in Elderly Adults: A Clinician’s Perspective. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 66, 998-1001. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15263 |
| [18] | Barrett, L. F., Tugade, M. M., & Engle, R. W. (2004). Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity and Dual-process Theories of the Mind. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 553-573. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.553 |
| [19] | Baumeister, R. F. (1990). Suicide as Escape from Self. Psychological Review, 97, 90-113.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.90 |
| [20] | Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The Strength Model of Self-Control. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x |
| [21] | Beck, A. T. (1986). Hopelessness as a Predictor of Eventual Suicide. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 487, 90-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1986.tb27888.x |
| [22] | Beck, A. T., Davis, J. H., Frederick, C. J., Perlin, S., Pokorny, A. D., Schulman, R. E., & Wittlin, B. J. (1973). Classification and Nomenclature. In H. L. P. Resnick, & B. C. Hathorne (Eds.), Suicide Prevention in the Seventies (pp. 7-12). US. Government Printing Office. |
| [23] | Bi, B., Liu, W., Zhou, D., Fu, X., Qin, X., & Wu, J. (2017). Personality Traits and Suicide Attempts with and without Psychiatric Disorders: Analysis of Impulsivity and Neuroticism. BMC Psychiatry, 17, Article No. 294.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1453-5 |
| [24] | Brent, D. A., Emslie, G. J., Clarke, G. N., Asarnow, J., Spirito, A., Ritz, L., & Keller, M. B. (2009). Predictors of Spontaneous and Systematically Assessed Suicidal Adverse Events in the Treatment of SSRI-Resistant Depression in Adolescents (TORDIA) Study. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 418-426. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08070976 |
| [25] | Brüdern, J., Berger, T., Caspar, F., Maillart, A. G., & Michel, K. (2016). The Role of Self-Organization in the Suicidal Process. Psychological Reports, 118, 668-685. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294116633351 |
| [26] | Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1990). Origins and Functions of Positive and Negative Affect: A Control-Process View. Psychological Review, 97, 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.1.19 |
| [27] | Caudwell, K. M., Keech, J. J., Hamilton, K., Mullan, B. A., & Hagger, M. S. (2019). Reducing Alcohol Consumption during Pre-Drinking Sessions: Testing an Integrated Beha-viour-Change Model. Psychology & Health, 34, 106-127.
https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2018.1518527 |
| [28] | Cha, C. B., Najmi, S., Park, J. M., Finn, C. T., & Nock M. K. (2010). Attentional Bias toward Suicide-Related Stimuli Predicts Suicidal Behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 616-622. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019710 |
| [29] | Chen, X., Wang, M., Hu, Y., Zhan, Y., Zhou, Y., Zheng, W., & Zhang, B. (2021). Working Memory Associated with Anti-Suicidal Ideation Effect of Repeated-Dose Intravenous Ketamine in Depressed Patients. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 271, 431-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-020-01221-z |
| [30] | Chung, Y., & Jeglic, E. L. (2016). Use of the Modified Emotional Stroop Task to Detect Suicidality in College Population. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 46, 55-66. https://doi.org/10.1111/sltb.12174 |
| [31] | Cohen, J. D. (2017). Cognitive Control: Core Constructs and Current Considerations. In T. Egner (Ed.), The Wiley Handbook of Cognitive Control (pp. 3-28). Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118920497.ch1 |
| [32] | Cudo, A., Torój, M., Demczuk, M., & Francuz, P. (2020). Dysfunction of Self-Control in Facebook Addiction: Impulsivity Is the Key. The Psychiatric Quarterly, 91, 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-019-09683-8 |
| [33] | Dickhoff, J., Opmeer, E. M., Heering, H. D., Bruggeman, R., Van Amelsvoort, T., Bartels-Velthuis, A. A., & Van Tol, M. J. (2021). Relationship between Social Cognition, General Cognition, and Risk for Suicide in Individuals with a Psychotic Disorder. Schizophrenia Research, 231, 227-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2021.02.024 |
| [34] | Dombrovski, A. Y., & Hallquist, M. N. (2017). The Decision Neuroscience Perspective on Suicidal Behavior: Evidence and Hypotheses. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 30, 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000297 |
| [35] | Dvorak, R. D., & Simons, J. S. (2009). Moderation of Resource Depletion in the Self-control Strength Model: Differing Effects of Two Modes of Self-Control. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 35, 572-583.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208330855 |
| [36] | Ellingson, J. M., Corley, R., Hewitt, J. K., & Friedman, N. P. (2019). A Prospective Study of Alcohol Involvement and the Dual-Systems Model of Adolescent Risk-Taking during Late Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 114, 653-661. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.14489 |
| [37] | Evans, D. R., Boggero, L. A., & Segerstrom, S. C. (2016). The Nature of Self-Regulatory Fatigue and “Ego Depletion”. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 20, 291-310. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868315597841 |
| [38] | Findley, M., & Brown, R. (2018). Fifty States of Self-Control: A U.S. Statewide Examination of the Initiation and Inhibition Dimensions of Self-Regulation. The Journal of Social Psy-chology, 158, 23-36.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2017.1297287 |
| [39] | Flint, J., Cohen, L., Nath, D., Habib, Z., Guo, X., Galynker, L., & Calati, R. (2021). The Association between the Suicide Crisis Syndrome and Suicidal Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Personality Traits. European Psychiatry: The Journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 64, e63. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.2235 |
| [40] | Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & W？nke, M. (2008). When Impulses Take Over: Moderated Predictive Validity of Explicit and Implicit Attitude Measures in Predicting Food Choice and Consumption Behaviour. The British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 397-419. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466607X241540 |
| [41] | García-Vega, E., Camero, A., Fernández, M., & Villaverde, A. (2018). Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in Persons with Gender Dysphoria. Psicothema, 30, 283-288. |
| [42] | Genuchi, M. C. (2019). Masculinity and Suicidal Desire in a Community Sample of Homeless Men: Bringing Together Masculinity and the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 27, 329-342.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1060826519846428 |
| [43] | Hagger, M. S, Wood, C., Stiff, C., & Chatzisarantis, N. L. (2010). Ego Depletion and the Strength Model of Self-Control: A Meta-Analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 495-525. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0019486 |
| [44] | Harfmann, E. J., Rhyner, K. T., & Ingram, R. E. (2019). Cognitive Inhibition and Attentional Biases in the Affective Go/No-Go Performance of Depressed, Suicidal Populations. Journal of Affective Disorders, 256, 228-233.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.05.022 |
| [45] | Heatherton, T. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (1991). Binge Eating as Escape from Self-Awareness. Psychological Bulletin, 110, 86-108. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.110.1.86 |
| [46] | Heatherton, T. F., & Wagner, D. D. (2010). Cognitive Neuros-cience of Self-Regulation Failure. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 132-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2010.12.005 |
| [47] | Heged？s, K. M., Szkaliczki, A., Gál, B. I., Andó, B., Janka, Z., & álmos, P. Z. (2018). Decision-Making Performance of Depressed Patients within 72h Following a Suicide Attempt. Journal of Affective Disorders, 235, 583-588.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.04.082 |
| [48] | Hofmann, W., & Friese, M. (2008). Impulses Got the Better of Me: Alcohol Moderates the Influence of Implicit Attitudes Toward Food Cues on Eating Behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 420-427.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.420 |
| [49] | Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Strack, F. (2009). Impulse and Self-Control from a Dual-Systems Perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 162-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01116.x |
| [50] | Inzlicht, M., Schmeichel, B. J., & Macrae, C. N. (2014). Why Self-Control Seems (but May Not Be) Limited. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 18, 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.12.009 |
| [51] | Johnson, J., Gooding, P., & Tarrier, N. (2008). Suicide Risk in Schizophrenia: Explanatory Models and Clinical Implications, the Schematic Appraisal Model of Suicide (SAMS). Psychology and Psychotherapy, 81, 55-77.
https://doi.org/10.1348/147608307X244996 |
| [52] | Joiner, T. E. (2007). Why People Die by Suicide. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjghv2f |
| [53] | Jollant, F., Lawrence, N. L., Olié,E., Guillaume, S., & Courtet, P. (2011). The Suicidal Mind and Brain: A Review of Neuropsychological and Neuroimaging Studies. The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry: The Official Journal of the World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry, 12, 319-339. https://doi.org/10.3109/15622975.2011.556200 |
| [54] | Kim, J., Lee, K. S., Kim, D. J., Hong, S. C., Choi, K. H., Oh, Y., & Lee, K. U. (2015). Characteristic Risk Factors Associated with Planned versus Impulsive Suicide Attempters. Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience: The Official Scientific Journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 13, 308-315.
https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.308 |
| [55] | Klonsky, E. D., & May, A. M. (2015). The Three-Step Theory (3ST): A New Theory of Suicide Rooted in the “Ideation-to-Action” Framework. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 8, 114-129.
https://doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2015.8.2.114 |
| [56] | Lee, K. E., Williams, K. J. H., Sargent, L. D., Williams, N. S. G., & Johnson, K. A. (2015). 40-Second Green Roof Views Sustain Attention: The Role of Micro-Breaks in Attention Restoration. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 42, 182-189.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.04.003 |
| [57] | Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. Current Psychiatry Reports, 6, 225-231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-004-0068-y |
| [58] | Myrseth, K. O. R., & Fishbach, A. (2009). Self-Control: A Function of Knowing When and How to Exercise Restraint. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01645.x |
| [59] | Neuringer, C. (1964). Rigid Thinking in Suicidal Individuals. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 28, 54-58.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0045809 |
| [60] | O’Connor, R. C. (2011). Towards an Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model of Suicidal Behaviour. In R. C. O’Connor, S. Platt, & J. Gordon (Eds.), International Handbook of Suicide Prevention: Research, Policy and Practice (pp. 181-198). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119998556.ch11 |
| [61] | Ostafin, B. D., Marlatt, G. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2008). Drinking without Thinking: An Implicit Measure of Alcohol Motivation Predicts Failure to Control Alcohol Use. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1210-1219.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.003 |
| [62] | Palazzo, C., Fais, P., Mazzotti, M. C., Gaudio, R. M., Pelletti, G., & Pelotti, S. (2018). A Homemade Furnace. Influence of Occupational Skills in a Fire-Related Planned Complex Suicide. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, 14, 109-113.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12024-018-9952-3 |
| [63] | Pélissier-Alicot, A. L., Deveaux, M., Sastre, C., Baillif-Couniou, V., Christia, M. A., Champeaux-Fesquet, C., & Leonetti, G. (2021). Planned Complex Suicide Involving Combined Drug Intoxication and Femoral Catheterization. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 66, 2527-2531. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.14809 |
| [64] | Pokorny, A. D. (1974). A Scheme for Classifying Suicidal Behaviors. In A. T. Beck, H. L. P. Resnik, & D. J. Lettieri (Eds.), The Prediction of Suicide (pp. 29-44). Charles Press. |
| [65] | Pratt, D., Gooding, P., Johnson, J., Taylor, P., & Tarrier, N. (2010). Suicide Schemas in Non-Affective Psychosis: An Empirical Investigation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1211-1220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.005 |
| [66] | Pustilnik, A., Elkana, O., Vatine, J.J., Franko, M., & Hamdan, S. (2017). Neuropsychological Markers of Suicidal Risk in the Context of Medical Rehabilitation. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 21, 293-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2016.1171815 |
| [67] | Ram, D., Chandran, S., Sadar, A., & Gowdappa, B. (2019). Correlation of Cognitive Resilience, Cognitive Flexibility and Impulsivity in Attempted Suicide. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 41, 362-367.
https://doi.org/10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_189_18 |
| [68] | Richard-Devantoy, S., Jollant, F., Kefi, Z., Turecki, G., Olié, J. P., Annweiler, C., & Le Gall, D. (2012). Deficit of Cognitive Inhibition in Depressed Elderly: A Neurocognitive Marker of Suicidal Risk. Journal of Affective Disorders, 140, 193-199.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2012.03.006 |
| [69] | Rimkeviciene, J., O’Gorman, J., & De Leo, D. (2015). Impulsive Suicide Attempts: A Systematic Literature Review of Definitions, Characteristics and Risk Factors. Journal of Affective Disorders, 171, 93-104.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.08.044 |
| [70] | Rooke, S. E., Hine, D. W., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2008). Implicit Cognition and Substance Use: A Meta-Analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1314-1328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.009 |
| [71] | Schmeichel, B. J., & Zell, A. (2007). Trait Self-Control Predicts Performance on Behavioral Tests of Self-Control. Journal of Personality, 75, 743-755. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2007.00455.x |
| [72] | Seibt, B., H？fner, M., & Deutsch, R. (2007). Prepared to Eat: How Immediate Affective and Motivational Responses to Food Cues are Influenced by Food Deprivation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 37, 359-379.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.365 |
| [73] | Shneidman, E. S. (1993). Suicide as Psychache. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 145-147.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199303000-00001 |
| [74] | Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High Self-Control Predicts Good Adjustment, Less Pathology, Better Grades, and Interpersonal Success. Journal of Personality, 72, 271-324.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x |
| [75] | Tao, T., Wang, L., Fan, C., & Gao, W. (2014). Development of Self-Control in Children Aged 3 to 9 Years: Perspective from a Dual-Systems Model. Scientific Reports, 4, Article No. 7272. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep07272 |
| [76] | Tosini, D. (2010). Calculated, Passionate, Pious Extremism: Beyond a Rational Choice Theory of Suicide Terrorism. Asian Journal of Social Science, 38, 394-415. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853110X499945 |
| [77] | Tucker, R. P., Lengel, G. J., Smith, C. E., Capron, D. W., Mul-lins-Sweatt, S. N., & Wingate, L. R. (2016). Maladaptive Five Factor Model Personality Traits Associated with Borderline Personality Disorder Indirectly Affect Susceptibility to Suicide Ideation through Increased Anxiety Sensitivity Cognitive Concerns. Psychiatry Research, 246, 432-437.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2016.08.051 |
| [78] | Useda, J. D., Duberstein, P. R., Conner, K. R., Beckman, A., Franus, N., Tu, X., & Conwell, Y. (2007). Personality Differences in Attempted Suicide versus Suicide in Adults 50 Years of Age or Older. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 126-133. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.1.126 |
| [79] | Van Orden, K. A., Smith, P. N., Chen, T., & Conwell, Y. (2016). A Case Controlled Examination of the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide in the Second Half of Life. Archives of Suicide Research: Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 20, 323-335. https://doi.org/10.1080/13811118.2015.1025121 |
| [80] | Van Orden, K. A., Stone, D. M., Rowe, J., McIntosh, W. L., Podgorski, C., & Conwell, Y. (2013). The Senior Connection: Design and Rationale of a Randomized Trial of Peer Companionship to Reduce Suicide Risk in Later Life. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 35, 117-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2013.03.003 |
| [81] | Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2010). The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide. Psychological Review, 117, 575-600. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018697 |
| [82] | Wager, T. D., Davidson, M. L., Hughes, B. L., Lindquist, M. A., & Ochsner, K. N. (2008). Prefrontal-Subcortical Pathways Mediating Successful Emotion Regulation. Neuron, 59, 1037-1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.09.006 |
| [83] | Wenzel, A., & Beck, A. T. (2008). A Cognitive Model of Suicidal Behavior: Theory and Treatment. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 12, 189-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appsy.2008.05.001 |
| [84] | Wenzel, A., Brown, G. K., & Beck, A. T. (2009). Cognitive Therapy for Suicidal Patients: Scientific and Clinical Applications. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11862-000 |
| [85] | Williams, J. M. G. (2001). Suicide and Attempted Suicide: Understanding the Cry of Pain. Materials Today, 12, 68. |
| [86] | Williams, J. M. G., & Broadbent, K. (1986). Distraction by Emotional Stimuli: Use of a Stroop Task with Suicide Attempters. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 25, 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1986.tb00678.x |
| [87] | Wojciechowski, T. (2021). The Relevance of the Dual Systems Model for Social Learning Theory: Testing for Moderation Effects. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 48, 1788-1804. https://doi.org/10.1177/00938548211017927 |
| [88] | World Health Organization (2019). Suicide Worldwide in 2019.
https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240026643 |
| [89] | Xuan, Z., Naimi, T. S., Kaplan, M. S., Bagge, C. L., Few, L. R., Maisto, S., & Freeman, R. (2016). Alcohol Policies and Suicide: A Review of the Literature. Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research, 40, 2043-2055.
https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13203 |
