论晚清西北边疆危机与清廷处理对策
On the Northwest Frontier Crisis in the Late Qing Dynasty and the Qing Government’s Countermeasures

边疆问题一直是世界各国统治者重视的主要问题。边疆地区的安宁有利于国家的稳定与社会经济的繁荣进步。但是如果边疆一旦出现危机，其国家的整体统治权威将会受到质疑。比如最为典型的就是中国晚清西北边疆问题。在古代中国历朝历代统治者非常重视边疆问题的处理。因为当时统治者非常清楚边疆的稳定对于他们的统治有着多么重要的作用。从秦朝到清朝前期，统治者们一直防御的都是中国北方地区少数民族。然而到了19世纪中后期随着西方殖民者的入侵，中国的边疆问题出现了巨大的危机。西北、华南、西南等地区均遭到西方殖民者的侵略。而这个阶段尤其是西北问题最为棘手。此时清政府摒弃一切，采用左宗棠的“海陆并重”的政策，坚决果断地处理了西北问题，使得后来晚清将近70余年统治时间里西北地区再也未能离开中央政府。基于此种情况或许也清初中央政府实行的民族大一统理念以及各族人民的民族与国家认同感有着莫大的联系。
The frontier problem has always been the main problem that the rulers of all countries pay atten-tion to. Tranquility in border areas is conducive to national stability and social and economic prosperity and progress. But if there is a crisis in the frontier, the whole governing authority of the country will be questioned. For example, the most typical case is the northwest frontier problem in the late Qing Dynasty. In ancient China, the rulers attached great importance to the settlement of border problems. Because the rulers knew very well how important the stability of the frontier was to their rule. From the Qin Dynasty to the early Qing Dynasty, the rulers defended the ethnic minor-ities in northern China. However, in the middle and late 19th century, with the invasion of Western colonists, China’s border problems appeared a huge crisis. The northwest, South China, southwest and other regions were invaded by Western colonists. And this stage especially the northwest problem is the most difficult. At this time, the Qing government abandoned everything and adopted Zuo Zongtang’s policy of “attaching equal importance to the land and the sea” to deal with the northwest problem resolutely, which made the northwest region never leave the central government during the 70-year reign of the late Qing Dynasty. Based on this situation, the concept of great national unity implemented by the central government in the early Qing Dynasty and the national identity of all ethnic groups were closely related.