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地质构造对强震震害分布影响讨论——以汶川Ms8.0地震和尼泊尔Ms8.1地震为例
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Abstract:
开展地质构造与强震震害的关系研究对于灾情研判和救援力量部署具有重要的指导意义。2008年汶川Ms8.0地震与2015年尼泊尔Ms8.1地震是近年来发生在中国内部及邻区的两次强烈地震，然而这两次强震产生的震害特征存在明显的差异：汶川地震烈度VII度以上区域面积约为尼泊尔地震的7.5倍，死亡人口为其7.6倍；汶川地震地表破裂长度近300 km，而尼泊尔地震地表破裂长度为0 km；汶川地震滑坡数量与面积显著大于尼泊尔地震，总面积相差16.3倍。汶川震害分布主要受映秀–北川断裂控制，呈线状展布，龙门山断裂带的分带性与分段性影响了震害的空间分布；尼泊尔震害分布受地形地貌影响较大，基本沿高喜马拉雅与低喜马拉雅交界区域展布，呈矩形状。产生这种巨大差异的原因可能与发震断层的倾角相关：高倾角断层易于将能量传导至地表，而低倾角尤其是近水平的断层，能量基本消耗在破裂面上，产生的地表破坏明显减弱。
The research results of the control effect of geological structure on earthquake damage have important guiding significance for the overall disaster judgment and the deployment of rescue forces. 2008 Wenchuan Ms8.0 earthquake and 2015 Nepal Ms8.1 earthquake are two strong earthquakes that occurred in China and its adjacent areas in recent years. However, there are obvious differences in the seismic damage characteristics caused by the two strong earthquakes. The area of Wenchuan earthquake with intensity above VII is about 7.5 times that of Nepal earthquake, and the death population is 7.6 times that of Nepal earthquake. The surface rupture length of Wenchuan earthquake is nearly 300 km, while that of Nepal earthquake is 0. The number and area of landslides in Wenchuan earthquake are significantly larger than that in Nepal earthquake, with a total area difference of 16.3 times. The distribution of Wenchuan earthquake damage is mainly controlled by Yingxiu-Beichuan fault, which is linear. The zoning and segmentation of Longmenshan fault zone affect the spatial distribution of earthquake damage. The distribution of earthquake damage in Nepal is greatly affected by topography and geomorphology, which is basically distributed along the junction of high Himalayas and low Himalayas in a rectangular shape. The reason for this great difference may be closely related to the dip angle of the seismogenic fault. High dip faults are easy to transmit energy to the surface, while low dip faults, especially near horizontal faults, basically consume energy on the fracture surface, and the surface damage is significantly weakened.
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