The 9/11 vents have left an American people riddled with pain and trauma
with deep wounds, both physical and psychic. The days following this attack were
marked by a situation of permanent psychosis, marked by fear and uncertainty,
because it was an almost apocalyptic situation. The reaction of George Walker
Bush’s administration was, first, to consider this attack as an act of war
against the United States of America by inventing a motive for war, casus
belli, and finally by equipping itself with discursive, political, propagandist
means to forge an ultimate conviction of a war case with the full support of
the American people. Fear is a form of intrinsic motivation, and, above all, it
can be produced by a number of endogenous as well as exogenous factors.
Neoconservatives have understood the manifestation of this natural phenomenon
and know how to use it to legitimize imperialist agendas. This study aims to
revisit this context of production and promotion “Apocalyptic” Discourse to
Provoke National Adhesion to a Controversial Conflict.
References
[1]
Battle, J. (2002). US Propaganda in the Middle East: The Early Cold War Version. The National Security Archive. https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB78/essay.htm
[2]
Bayoumi, M. (2009). How Does It Feel to Be a Problem?: Being Young and Arab in America. Penguin Publishing Group.
[3]
Berlin, I. (1969). Two Concepts of Liberty (pp. 118-172). Oxford University Press.
[4]
Bush, G. W. (2001). Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People. Whitehouse.archives.gov.
[5]
Bush, G. W. (2002a). Remarks by the President at the 2002 Graduation Exercise of the United States Military Academy. The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=64235
[6]
Bush, G. W. (2002b). State of the Union Address. The White House. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html
[7]
Bush, G. W. (2002c). Address to a Joint Session of Congress and the American People. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2001/09/20010920-8.html
[8]
Carter, J. (2006). Our Endangered Values: America’s Moral Crisis. Simon and Schuster.
[9]
Chomsky, N. (1999). Necessary Illusions—Thought Control in Democratic Society. Pluto Press.
[10]
Chomsky, N. (2002). History and Hypocrisy of the US War on Global Terror. Town Hall Auditorium.
[11]
Clabrese, A. (2005). Casus Belli: U.S. Media and the Justification of the Iraq War. Television & New Media, 6, 153-175. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476404273952
[12]
Dabashi, H. (2009). Post-Orientalism: Knowledge and Power in Time of Terror. Transaction Publishers.
[13]
Fukuyama, F. (2006). Democracy at the Cross-Road—Democracy, Power and the Neoconservative Legacy. Yale University Press.
[14]
Hentzi, J. C. (1995). The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literature and Cultural Criticism. Columbia University Press.
[15]
Hofstadter, R. J. (1964). The Paranoid Style in American Politics. Harper’s Magazine.
[16]
Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company (2017). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.
[17]
Katzman, K. (2009). Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security. Congressional Research Service.
[18]
Kaufman, S. J. (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501702006
[19]
Kipling, R. (1899). The White Man’s Burden. McClure’s Magazine.
[20]
Kristol, W., & Kagan, R. (2000). Present Dangers: Crisis and Opportunity in America’s Foreign and Defense Policy. Encounter Books.
[21]
Melani, M. (2010). Othering. In R. Jackson, & G. Sørensen (Eds.), Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches (pp. 173-188). Oxford University Press.
[22]
Palast, G. (2005). Reporting for Newsnight, Secret US Plans for Iraq’s Oil. Report.
[23]
Palka, E. J., Galgano, F. A., & Corson, M. W. (2019). Operation Iraqi Freedom: A Military Geographical Perspective. Geographical Review, 95, 373-399. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1931-0846.2005.tb00372.x
[24]
Reagan, R. (1983). Speech to the National Association of Evangelicals. https://www.reaganlibrary.gov/archives/speech/address-national-association-evangelicals-381983
[25]
Tocqueville, A. D. (1835/1840). Democracy in America. George Dearborn & Co.
[26]
Tulis, J. K. (1987). The Rhetorical Presidency. Princeton University Press.
[27]
Wilson, W. (1918). Fourteen Points Plan. https://www.history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/wilson/fourteen-points
[28]
Wolfowitz, P. (2006). Speech at George Manson University. George Mason University Press.