Context: Automobile pollution is becoming a potential threat to the cardiorespiratory health of the urban population of sub-Saharan Africa. The present study aims to evaluate the level of concentrations of fine particles (PM2.5 and PM10) near road traffic and the effects of exposure to automobile pollutants on pulmonary function and arteriolar blood oxygen saturation among sellers around road traffic. Materials and Methods: The study recruited 48 healthy people carrying out a sales activity near road traffic. PM2.5 and PM10 measurements were taken from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. using a Temtop Airing-1000 portable particle detector. Spirometric measurements were taken in the morning and in the evening from a portable Spirobank G spirometer. Oxygen saturation measurements were also taken in the morning and evening using a Pulse oxymeter CMS50D pulse oxymeter. Results: Mean values of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of forced vital capacity (FEF25 - 75) recorded in the evening were significantly lower than those obtained in the morning in the subjects of the total group and in the men. Only the mean values of PEF and FEF25 - 75 obtained in the evening were significantly lower than those recorded in the morning in women. Minimum PM2.5 values recorded near road traffic were negatively correlated with evening PEF in men, while maximum PM10 values were negatively correlated with evening PEF in women. The blood oxygen saturation recorded in the evening was significantly lower than that obtained in the morning. Conclusion: Short-term exposure to automobile pollutants has adverse effects on lung function and oxygen saturation in people carrying out a sales activity near road traffic.
References
[1]
Pangou, V.S. (2005) Audit Environnemental du Littoral Congolais. Evaluation environnementale de la pollution due aux hydrocarbures sur le littoral du Kouilou: Cas des cotes de la ville de Pointe-Noire, Congo.
[2]
Xu, D., Chen, Y., Wu, L., He, S., Xu, P., Zhang, Y., et al. (2020) Acute Effects of Ambient PM2.5 on Lung Function among Schoolchildren. Scientific Reports, 10, Article No. 4061. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61003-4
[3]
Gehring, U., Gruzieva, O., Raymond, A.M., et al. (2013) Air Pollution Exposure and Lung Function in Children: The ESCAPE Project. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121, 1357-1364. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306770
[4]
Hwang, B.-F. and Lee, Y.L. (2010) Air Pollution and Prevalence of Bronchitic Symptôms among Children in Taiwan. Chest, 138, 956-964. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-2600
[5]
Aphekom (2011) Improving Knowledge and Communication for Decision Making on Air Pollution and Health in Europe. Summary Report of the Aphekom Project 2008-2011. http://www.systemlife.ro/Studii/Rezumat%20Aphekom.pdf
[6]
Gauderman, W.J., Vora, H., Maccnnell, R., Berhane, R., Gilliland, F., Thomas, D., et al. (2007) Effect of Exposure to Traffic on Lung Development Front 10 to 18 Age—A Cohort. The Lancet, 369, 571-577. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60037-3
[7]
Zwozdziak, A., Sówka, I., Willak-Janc, E., Zwozdziak, J., Kwiecińska, K. and Balinska-Miskiewicz, W. (2016) Influence of PM1 and PM2.5 on Lung Function Parameters in Healthy Schoolchildren—A Panel Study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research (International), 23, 23892-2901. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7605-1
[8]
Roy, A., Hu, W., Wei, F., Korn, L., Chapman, R.S., Zhang, J.J. (2012) Ambient Particulate Matter and Lung Function Growth in Chinese Children. Epidemiology, 23, 464-472. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e31824cbd6d
[9]
Badyda, A., Dabrowiecki, P., Czechowski, P., Majewski, G. (2015) Risk of Bronchi Obstruction among Non-Smokers—Review of Environmental Factors Affecting Bronchoconstriction. Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, 209, 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resp.2014.10.016
[10]
Bergstra, A.D., Brunekreef, B. and Burdorf, A. (2018) The Effect of Industry-Related Air Pollution on Lung Function and Respiratory Symptoms in Schoolchildren. Environmental Health, 17, 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-018-0373-2
[11]
Rice, M.B., Ljungman, P.L., Wilker, E.H., Dorans, K.S., Gold, D.R., Schwartz, J., et al. (2015) Long-Term Exposure to Traffic Emissions and Fine Particulate Matter and Lung Function Decline in the Framingham Heart Study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 191, 656-664. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201410-1875OC
[12]
Rundell, K.W. (2003) High Levels of Airborne Ultrafine and Fine Particulate Matter in Indoor Ice Arenas. Inhalation Toxicology, 15, 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370304502
[13]
Luttmann-Gibson, H., Ebelt Sarnat, S., Suh, H.H., Brent, A., Coull, B.A., Schwartz, J., Zanobetti, A. and Gold, D.R. (2014) Short-Term Effects of Air Pollution on Oxygen Saturation in a Cohort of Senior Adults in Steubenville, OH. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 56, 149-154. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000089
[14]
Yuswanto, T.J.A. Bahreisy, B.I. (2021) Length of Time Exposed to Air Pollution Is Related to Blood Oxygen Saturation in Traffic Control Volunteers in Malang. Aloha International Journal of Health Advancement, 4, 28-30.
[15]
Bopaka, R.G., Diakouka Diambalou, R.C., Okemba Okombi, F.H., Bemba, E.L.P., Ossale Abacka, K.B., Koumeka, P.P., et al. (2021) Impact de la pollution atmosphérique urbaine sur les paramètres biologiques et la fonction respiratoire chez les mécaniciens à Brazzaville. Revue des Maladies Respiratoires Actualités, 13, 153-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmra.2020.11.326
[16]
DeMeo, D.L., Zanobetti, A., Litonjua, A.A., Coull, B.A., Schwartz, J., Gold, D.R. (2004) Ambient Air Pollution and Oxygen Saturation. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 170, 383-387. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200402-244OC
[17]
CNSEE (National Center for Statistics and Economic Studies) (2011) Congo Statistical Yearbook 2009.
[18]
Host, S., Chatignoux, E. and Saunal, A. (2012) Impacts sanitaires de la pollution atmosphérique urbaine et des expositions à proximité du trafic routier dans l’agglomération parisienne. Observatoire régional de santé Île-de-France.
[19]
Anderson, J.O., Thundiyil, J.G., Stolbach, A. (2012) Clearing the Air: A Review of the Effects of Particulate Matter Air Pollution on Human Health. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 8, 166-175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-011-0203-1
[20]
Dockery, D.W., Stone, P.H. (2007) Cardiovascular Risks from Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The New England Journal of Medicine, 356, 511-513. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe068274
[21]
Strak, M., Janssen, N.A., Godri, K.J., Gosens, I., Mudway, I.S., Cassee, F.R., et al. (2012) Respiratory Health Effects of Airborne Particulate Matter: The Role of Particle Size, Composition, and Oxidative Potential—The RAPTES Project. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120, 1183-1189. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104389
[22]
Krewski, D. (2009) Evaluating the Effects of Ambient Air Pollution on Life Expectancy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 413-415. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe0809178
[23]
Pope, C.A., Ezzati, M., Dockery, D.W. (2009) Fine-Particulate Air Pollution and Life Expectancy in the United States. The New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 376-386. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa0805646
[24]
Lim, S.S., Vos, T., Flaxman, A.D., Danaei, G., Shibuya, K., Adair-Rohani, H., et al. (2012) A Comparative Risk Assessment of Burden of Disease and Injury Attributable to 67 Risk Factors and Risk Factor Clusters in 21 Regions, 1990-2010: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. The Lancet, 380, 2224-2260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8
[25]
Wu, S., Deng, F., Wang, X., Wei, H., Shima, M., Huang, J., et al. (2013) Association de la fonction pulmonaire dans un panel de jeunes adultes en bonne santé avec divers composants chimiques de la pollution de l’air ambiant à particules fines à Beijing, Chine. Atmospheric Environment, 77, 873-884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.018
[26]
Park, H.Y., Gilbreath, S., Barakatt, E. (2017) Respiratory Outcomes of Ultrafine Particulate Matter (UFPM) as a Measure of Near-Roadway Exposures among Bicyclists. Environmental Health, 16, 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0212-x
[27]
Xu, D., Zhang, Y., Zhou, L., Li, T. (2018) Acute Effects of PM2.5 on Lung Function Parameters in Schoolchildren in Nanjing, China: A Panel Study. Environmental Science and Pollution Research (International), 25, 14989-14995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1693-z
[28]
Chen, C.H., Chan, C.C., Chen, B.Y., Cheng, T.J., Leon Guo, Y. (2015) Effects of Particulate Air Pollution and Ozone on Lung Function in Non-Asthmatic Children. Environmental Research, 137, 40-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.11.021
[29]
Wu, S., Deng, F., Hao, Y., Wang, X., Zheng, C., Lv, H., et al. (2014) Fine Particulate Matter, Temperature, and Lung Function in Healthy Adults: Findings from the HVNR Study. Chemosphere, 108, 168-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.032
[30]
Strak, M., Boogaard, H., Meliefste, K., Oldenwening, M., Zuurbier, M., Brunekreef, B., et al. (2010) Respiratory Health Effects of Ultrafine and Fine Particle Exposure in Cyclists. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 67, 118-124. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2009.046847
[31]
Zhang, Y., He, M., Wu, S., Zhu, Y., Wang, S., Shima, M., et al. (2015) Short-Term Effects of Fine Particulate Matter and Temperature on Lung Function among Healthy College Students in Wuhan, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12, 7777-7793. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707777
[32]
Tiittanen, P., Timonen, K.L., Ruuskanen, J., Mirme, A., Pekkanen, J. (1999) Pollution de l’air à particules fines, poussière de route remise en suspension et santé respiratoire chez les enfants symptomatiques. European Respiratory Journal, 13, 266-273.
[33]
Yamazaki, S., Shima, M., Ando, M., Nitta, H., Watanabe, H., Nishimuta, T. (2011) Effect of Hourly Concentration of Particulate Matter on Peak Expiratory Flow in Hospitalized Children: A Panel Study. Environmental Health, 10, 944-956. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-10-15
[34]
Roemer, W., Hoek, G., Brunekreef, B., Haluszka, J., Kalandidi, A., Pekkanen, J. (1998) Daily Variations in Air Pollution and Respiratory Health in a Multicentre Study: The PEACE Project. Pollution Effects on Asthmatic Children in Europe. European Respiratory Journal, 12, 1354-1361. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.98.12061354
[35]
Xing, Y.-F., Xu, Y.-H., Shi, M.-H. and Lian, Y.-X. (2016) The Impact of PM2.5 on the Human Respiratory System. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 8, E69-E74.
