Health related-physical fitness (HRPF) is critical
for maintaining and enhancing health and quality of life. Purposes: To estimate the reference values and predictive
equations for frequently used clinical field HRPF measures in a sample of Saudi female college students aged 18-24 years. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, body fat percentage (BF %) was estimated. Curl-up
test (CUT) and sit and reach test (SRT) were applied in 216 students. The
Queen’s College Step Test (QCST) was used to predict maximal oxygen consumption
(VO2max). Physical activity (PA) level was also measured using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Results: The mean of BF %, SRT, CUT, and predicted VO2max were
23.98% ± 6.13%, 17.10 ± 7.50 cm, 28.17 ± 7.72
number/min, and 39.58 ± 4.01 ml/kg/min respectively. There was no significant
effect of age on all HRPF measures except for BF % (F
References
[1]
Liguori, G. (2020) ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia.
[2]
Pereira, S.A., Seabra, A.T., Silva, R.G., et al. (2011) Correlates of Health-Related Physical Fitness Levels of Portuguese Children. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 6, 53-59. https://doi.org/10.3109/17477161003792549
[3]
Blair, S.N., Cheng, Y. and Holder, J.S. (2001) Is Physical Activity or Physical Fitness More Important in Defining Health Benefits? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, S379-S99. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200106001-00007
[4]
Moreno, L., Gonzalez-Gross, M., Kersting, M., et al. (2008) Assessing, Understanding and Modifying Nutritional Status, Eating Habits and Physical Activity in European Adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study. Public Health Nutrition, 11, 288-299.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980007000535
[5]
Haas, S.A., Krueger, P.M. and Rohlfsen, L. (2012) Race/Ethnic and Nativity Disparities in Later Life Physical Performance: The Role of Health and Socioeconomic Status over the Life Course. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 67, 238-248. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbr155
[6]
Corbin, C.B., Pangrazi, R.P. and Franks, B.D. (2000) Definitions: Health, Fitness, and Physical Activity. President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports Research Digest.
[7]
Al-Hazzaa, H.M. (2002) Physical Activity, Fitness and Fatness among Saudi Children and Adolescents. Saudi Medical Journal, 23, 144-150.
[8]
Habbab, R.M. and Bhutta, Z.A. (2020) Prevalence and Social Determinants of Overweight and Obesity in Adolescents in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review. Clinical Obesity, 10, e12400. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12400
[9]
El Bcheraoui, C., Tuffaha, M., Daoud, F., et al. (2016) On Your Mark, Get Set, Go: Levels of Physical Activity in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 2013. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13, 231-238. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2014-0601
[10]
Alqahtani, B.A., Alenazi, A.M., Alhowimel, A.S. and Elnaggar, R.K. (2020) The Descriptive Pattern of Physical Activity in Saudi Arabia: Analysis of National Survey Data. International Health, 13, 232-239. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihaa027
[11]
Kim, J.K., Son, W.I., Sim, Y.J., et al. (2020) The Study of Health-Related Fitness Normative Scores for Nepalese Older Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 2723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17082723
[12]
Jette, D.U., Halbert, J., Iverson, C., Miceli, E. and Shah, P. (2009) Use of Standardized Outcome Measures in Physical Therapist Practice: Perceptions and Applications. Physical Therapy, 89, 125-135. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20080234
[13]
Bennell, K., Dobson, F. and Hinman, R. (2011) Measures of Physical Performance Assessments: Self-Paced Walk Test (SPWT), Stair Climb Test (SCT), Six-Minute Walk Test (6 MWT), Chair Stand Test (CST), Timed Up & Go (TUG), Sock Test, Lift and Carry Test (LCT), and Car Task. Arthritis Care & Research, 63, S350-S370.
https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.20538
[14]
Tveter, A.T., Dagfinrud, H., Moseng, T. and Holm, I. (2014) Health-Related Physical Fitness Measures: Reference Values and Reference Equations for Use in Clinical Practice. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 95, 1366-1373.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2014.02.016
[15]
Ejike, C.E. and Ijeh, I.I. (2012) Obesity in Young-Adult Nigerians: Variations in prevalence Determined by Anthropometry and Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis, and the Development of Body Fat Prediction Equations. International Archives of Medicine, 5, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1755-7682-5-22
[16]
Kupusinac, A., Stokić, E. and Doroslovački, R. (2014) Predicting Body Fat Percentage Based on Gender, Age and BMI by Using Artificial Neural Networks. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 113, 610-619.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.10.013
[17]
Kim, S.G. and Kim, D.H. (2022) Reliability, Minimum Detectable Change, and Minimum Clinically Important Difference of the Balance Subtest of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, 15, 175-180.
https://doi.org/10.3233/PRM-190639
[18]
Barton, A., Zabriskie, H.A., Moxley, J. and Blackshear, T. (2022) Normative Fitness in Undergraduate Exercise Science Students: How Do They Compare? Quest, 74, 108-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2021.1994431
[19]
Al-Asiri, Z.A. and Shaheen, A.A. (2015) Body Mass Index and Health Related Physical Fitness in Saudi Girls and Adolescents Aged 8-15 Years. Open Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation, 3, 116. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojtr.2015.34016
[20]
Alotaibi, A. (2021) Level of Health Status Related to Physical Fitness and Physical Components for Primary School Students in the Qassim Region. International Journal of Sports Science and Arts, 17, 31-50.
https://doi.org/10.21608/eijssa.2020.44085.1051
[21]
Alahmadi, M.A. (2021) Health-Related Physical Fitness Components in Saudi Female Physical Education and Sport Sciences University Students. EC Nutrition, 16, 39-47.
[22]
Ainsworth, B.E., Bassett Jr., D., Strath, S.J., et al. (2000) Comparison of Three Methods for Measuring the Time Spent in Physical Activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32, S457-S464.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200009001-00004
[23]
Green, S.B. (1991) How Many Subjects Does It Takes to Do a Regression Analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 26, 499-510.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2603_7
[24]
Varghese, R., Dangi, A.A. and Varghese, A. (2020) VO2 Max Normative Values Using Queen’s College Step Test in Healthy Urban Indian Individuals of Age Group 20-50 Years.
[25]
Helou, K., El Helou, N., Mahfouz, M., et al. (2018) Validity and Reliability of an Adapted Arabic Version of the Long International Physical Activity Questionnaire. BMC Public Health, 18, 49. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4599-7
[26]
Committee IR (2005) Guidelines for Data Processing and Analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)—Short and Long Forms.
[27]
Ramos-Sepúlveda, J.A., Ramírez-Vélez, R., Correa-Bautista, J.E., et al. (2016) Physical Fitness and Anthropometric Normative Values among Colombian-Indian School Children. BMC Public Health, 16, 962. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3652-2
[28]
Sloan, A., Burt, J. and Blyth, C. (1962) Estimation of Body Fat in Young Women. Journal of Applied Physiology, 17, 967-970.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1962.17.6.967
[29]
Sizoo, D., de Heide, L.J., Emous, M., et al. (2021) Measuring Muscle Mass and Strength in Obesity: A Review of Various Methods. Obesity Surgery, 31, 384-393.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-020-05082-2
[30]
Jalloun, R.A. and Surrati, A.M. (2020) Physical Activity Pattern among Female College Students at Taibah University. International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases, 10, 137.
[31]
Panteleimon, B., Panagiotis, I. and Fotis, B. (2010) Evaluation of Hamstring Flexibility by Using Two Different Measuring Instruments. Sport Logia, 6, 28-32.
https://doi.org/10.5550/sgia.1002028
[32]
Siconolfi, S.F., Cullinane, E.M., Carleton, R.A. and Thompson, P.D. (1982) Assessing VO2max in Epidemiologic Studies: Modification of the Astrand-Rhyming Test. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 14, 335-338.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198205000-00004
[33]
Roach, K.E. (2006) Measurement of Health Outcomes: Reliability, Validity and Responsiveness. JPO: Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics, 18, P8-P12.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00008526-200601001-00003
Minatto, G., Sousa, T.F., Carvalho, W., et al. (2016) Association between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Body Fat in Girls. Revista Paulista de Pediatria, 34, 469-475.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rppede.2016.02.014
[36]
Pillsbury, L., Oria, M. and Pate, R. (2013) Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth. National Academies Press (US), Washington DC.
[37]
Al-Otaibi, H.H. (2016) Associations between Sleep Quality and Different Measures of Obesity in Saudi Adults. Global Journal of Health Sciences, 9, 1.
https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v9n1p1
[38]
Majeed, F. (2015) Association of BMI with Diet and Physical Activity of Female Medical Students at the University of Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 10, 188-196.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2014.11.004
[39]
Youssef, M.H., Mojaddidi, M., El Bab, M.F., et al. (2015) Gender Differences in Body Composition, Respiratory Functions, Life Style among Medical Students. Biomedical Research, 26, 567-574.
[40]
Sai, A., Othman, M.Y., Zaini, W., et al. (2018) Factors Affecting Body Image Perceptions of Female College Students in Urban Malaysia. Obesity Medicine, 11, 13-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2018.06.004
[41]
Al-Rethaiaa, A.S., Fahmy, A.-E.A. and Al-Shwaiyat, N.M. (2010) Obesity and Eating Habits among College Students in Saudi Arabia: A Cross Sectional Study. Nutrition Journal, 9, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-9-39
[42]
Flegal, K.M., Shepherd, J.A., Looker, A.C., et al. (2009) Comparisons of Percentage Body Fat, Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Waist-Stature Ratio in Adults. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 89, 500-508.
https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26847
[43]
Ranasinghe, C., Gamage, P., Katulanda, P., et al. (2013) Relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Fat Percentage, Estimated by Bioelectrical Impedance, in a Group of Sri Lankan Adults: A Cross Sectional Study. BMC Public Health, 13, 797. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-797
[44]
Akindele, M.O., Phillips, J.S. and Igumbor, E.U. (2016) The Relationship between Body Fat Percentage and Body Mass Index in Overweight and Obese Individuals in an Urban African Setting. Journal of Public Health in Africa, 7, 515.
https://doi.org/10.4081/jphia.2016.515
[45]
Bailey, B.W., Borup, P., LeCheminant, J.D., Tucker, L.A. and Bromley, J. (2015) Examining the Relationship between Physical Activity Intensity and Adiposity in Young Women. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 12, 764-769.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2013-0441
[46]
Nuzzo, J.L. (2020) The Case for Retiring Flexibility as a Major Component of Physical Fitness. Sports Medicine, 50, 853-870.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-019-01248-w
[47]
Freedson, P., Cureton, K.J. and Heath, G.W. (2000) Status of Field-Based Fitness Testing in Children and Youth. Preventive Medicine, 31, S77-S85.
https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2000.0650
[48]
Mikkelsson, L.O., Nupponen, H., Kaprio, J., et al. (2006) Adolescent Flexibility, Endurance Strength, and Physical Activity as Predictors of Adult Tension Neck, Low Back Pain, and Knee Injury: A 25 Year Follow Up Study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2004.017350
[49]
Marshall, S.J., Sarkin, J.A., Sallis, J.F. and Mckenzie, T.L. (1998) Tracking of Health-Related Fitness Components in Youth Ages 9 to 12. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30, 910-916. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199806000-00021
[50]
Hobold, E., Pires-Lopes, V., Gómez-Campos, R., et al. (2017) Reference Standards to Assess Physical Fitness of Children and Adolescents of Brazil: An Approach to the Students of the Lake Itaipú Region—Brazil. PeerJ, 5, e4032.
https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4032
[51]
Schutte, N.M., Nederend, I., Hudziak, J.J., et al. (2016) Differences in Adolescent Physical Fitness: A Multivariate Approach and Meta-Analysis. Behavior Genetics, 46, 217-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10519-015-9754-2
[52]
Huang, Y.-C. and Malina, R.M. (2002) Physical Activity and Health-Related Physical Fitness in Taiwanese Adolescents. Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, 21, 11-19. https://doi.org/10.2114/jpa.21.11
[53]
Kordi, M., Fallahi, A. and Sangari, M. (2010) Health-Related Physical Fitness and Normative Data in Healthy Women, Tehran, Iran. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 39, 87.
[54]
Shah, C., Diwan, J., Rao, P., et al. (2008) Assessment of Obesity in School Children. Calicut Medical Journal, 6, e2.
[55]
Yahaya, A. (2011) Correlation of Body Mass Index and Flexibility among Selected Badminton Players in Northern Nigeria. Sport & Exercise for Health, Fitness & Wellness, Cairo, 19-22 December 2011, 81.
[56]
Sayer, A.A., Dennison, E.M., Syddall, H.E., et al. (2005) Type 2 Diabetes, Muscle Strength, and Impaired Physical Function: The Tip of the Iceberg? Diabetes Care, 28, 2541-2542. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.10.2541
[57]
Ferguson, B. (2014) ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription 9th Ed. 2014. The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association, 58, 328.
[58]
Paalanne, N.P., Korpelainen, R.I., Taimela, S.P., et al. (2009) Muscular Fitness in Relation to Physical Activity and Television Viewing among Young Adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41, 1997-2002.
https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a7f3a6
[59]
Peltonen, J.E., Taimela, S., Erkintalo, M., et al. (1997) Back Extensor and Psoas Muscle Cross-Sectional Area, Prior Physical Training, and Trunk Muscle Strength—A Longitudinal Study in Adolescent Girls. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 77, 66-71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004210050301
[60]
Sandler, R.B., Burdett, R., Zaleskiewicz, M., et al. (1991) Muscle Strength as an Indicator of the Habitual Level of Physical Activity. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 23, 1375-1381. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199112000-00009
[61]
Myers, J., McAuley, P., Lavie, C.J., et al. (2015) Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness as Major Markers of Cardiovascular Risk: Their Independent and Interwoven Importance to Health Status. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 57, 306-314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2014.09.011
[62]
Al Asoom, L.I., Alsuwat, H.S., Rafique, N., et al. (2019) Functional DNA Variations Associated with Saudi Female with Low VO2max: A Pilot Microarray Study. American Journal of Translational Research, 11, 3659.
[63]
Al Asoom, L.I. (2016) Assessment of Plasma Level of 25(OH) D and Its Correlation with Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Young Females of Dammam City, KSA. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 11, 456-463.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2016.07.002
[64]
Nagajothi, K., Jesus Rajkumar, N. and Prasanna, T.A. (2020) Effect of Selected Yogic Practices on Aerobic Capacity and Anaerobic Power of School Girls. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 11, 227.
https://doi.org/10.37506/v11/i2/2020/ijphrd/194788
[65]
Hingorjo, M.R., Zehra, S., Hasan, Z. and Qureshi, M.A. (2017) Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Its Association with Adiposity Indices in Young Adults. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 33, 659. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.333.12294
[66]
Nabi, T., Rafiq, N. and Qayoom, O. (2015) Assessment of Cardiovascular Fitness [VO2max] among Medical Students by Queens College Step Test. International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research, 6, 418-421.
[67]
Lakoski, S.G., Barlow, C.E., Farrell, S.W., Berry, J.D., et al. (2011) Impact of Body Mass Index, Physical Activity, and Other Clinical Factors on Cardiorespiratory Fitness (from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study). The American Journal of Cardiology, 108, 34-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.02.338
[68]
Kurtze, N., Rangul, V. and Hustvedt, B.-E. (2008) Reliability and Validity of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) Population of Men. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 8, Article No. 63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-8-63
[69]
da Cunha, G.B., de Lourdes Lima, M., Teixeira, C.T., et al. (2013) Correlation between IPAQ and VO2max among Obese Women. Brazilian Journal of Medicine and Human Health (Inactive/Archive Only), 1, 1-12.
https://doi.org/10.17267/2317-3386bjmhh.v1i1.105
