The Mouanko mangrove is subjected to major anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, fishing and deforestation, hence information on Cladocerans and Rotifers amongst other aquatic organisms in order to monitor and manage this ecosystem is vital. The aim of this work is to study the physicochemical parameters of the environment that influence the diversity and spatiotemporal distribution of Cladocerans and Rotifers in the mangrove waters of Mouanko. This study was carried out from November 2019 to October 2020 at 8 sampling stations. Both biological and physico-chemical sampling and analyses were done following standard recommendations. The results of the phyico-chemical analyses revealed that the waters of the Mouanko mangroves were slightly basic (7.64 ± 0.71 UC), moderately oxygenated (69.56% ± 14.29%) with low levels of nutrients [ NO -2 (0. 06 ± 0.05 mg/L), NH+4 (0.39 ± 0.3 mg/L) and PO3-4 (up to 0.12 mg/L)] and high values of electrical conductivity (up to 6531.04 μS/cm), salinity (up to 3.71‰). 15 species of Cladocerans and 30 species of Rotifers were identified accounting for a total abundance of 612 ind/L. The species richness was higher in freshwater influenced zones (40 taxa) compared to marinewater influenced zones (17 taxa). Among these species, the Cladocera, Penilia avirostris was the most abundant in marinewater influenced zones (84 ind/L) while the Rotifer, Keratella tecta was the most abundant in freshwater influenced zones (64 ind/L). Shannon-Weaver’s diversity and Pielou’s equitability indices indicated that freshwater influenced zones host a diverse community with a tendency towards equi-partition of species while marinewater influenced zones revealed the opposite. The low levels of organic pollution indicator variables recorded and the high diversity of the freshwater influenced zones population studied attested to the low level of anthropization in this environment. High salinity and electrical conductivity values influence the distribution of these organisms.
References
[1]
Kathiresan, K. and Bingham, B.L. (2001) Biology of Mangroves and Mangroves Ecosystems. Advances in Marine Biology, 40, 81-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2881(01)40003-4
[2]
Locatelli, B. (2013) Services écosystémiques et changement climatique Environmental and Society. Université de Grenoble, Grenoble, 1-80.
[3]
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) (2007) World’s Mangroves 1980-2005. FAO Forestry Paper No. 153, 1-89.
[4]
Lougheed, V.L. and Chow-Fraser, P. (1998) Factors That Regulate the Zooplankton Community Structure of a Turbid, Hypereutrophic Great Lakes Wetland. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 55, 150-161. https://doi.org/10.1139/f97-227
[5]
Zébazé Togouet, S.H., Njiné, T., Kemka, N., Nola, M., Foto Menbohan, S., Monkiedje, A., Niyitegka, D., Simke-Ngando, T. and Jugnia, L.B. (2005) Variations spatiales et temporelles de la richesse et de l’abondance des rotifères (Brachionidae et Trichocercidae) et des cladocères dans un petit lac artificiel eutrophe situé en zone tropicale. Revue des Sciences de l’Eau, 18, 485-505. https://doi.org/10.7202/705569ar
[6]
Lair, N., Reyes-Marghant, P. and Jacquet, V. (1998) Development of Phytoplankton, Ciliates and Rotifers at Two Sites in the Middle Loire River (France) during Low Water Periods. Annales de Limnologie, 34, 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/1998004
[7]
Pourriot, R. and Francez, A.J. (1986) Rotifères Introduction pratique à la systématique des organismes des eaux continentales françaises 8. Bulletin Mensuel de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 55, 148-176. https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1986.10760
[8]
Shiel, R.J. (1995) A Guide to Identification of Rotifers, Cladocerans and Copepods from Australian Inland Water: Identification Guide Series No. 3. Cooperative Research Center of Freshwater Ecology, Albury, 1-144.
[9]
Aka, N.M., Pagano, M., Cecchi, P. and Corbin, D. (2010) Identification of Some copepods from Small Dam Lakes in Northern Ivory Coast. Fiches Techniques et documents de Vulgarisation, 1, 1-7.
[10]
Brito, S.L., Maia-Barbosa, P.M. and Pinto-Coelho, R.M. (2011) Zooplankton as an Indicator of Trophic Conditions in Two Large Reservoirs in Brazil. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management, 16, 253-264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1770.2011.00484.x
[11]
Soro, T.A., Etile, R.N., Goorebi, G. and Aboua, B.R.D. (2019) Etude préliminaire du peuplement zooplanctonique dans le bassin du haut-bandama (Cote d’Ivoire). Agronomie Africaine, 31, 305-319.
[12]
Nziéleu, T.J. (2016) Complexe lacustre Ossa (Dizangué, Cameroun): Physicochimie, biodiversité et structure des populations zooplanctoniques. Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, 1-257.
[13]
Onana, F. (2016) Typologie et qualité biologique des cours d’eau du réseau hydrographique du Wouri basées sur les assemblages de zooplancton et de macroinvertébrés benthiques. Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, 1-219.
[14]
Dakwen, J., Togouet, S.H.Z., Chinche, B., Noah, E., Kapso, T. and Njine, T. (2019) Influence of the Quality of Maintenance of Fish Ponds on the Biomass of Zooplankton in Situ in Tropical Zone (Yaoundé-Cameroon-Central). International Journal of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, 4, 62-72. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijnrem.20190403.11
[15]
Kamdem, G.J.M,, Zébazé Togouet, S.H., Beisner, B., Nziéleu, T.G., Kengne, T.J. and Fomena, A. (2020) Environmental Conditions and Zooplankton Community Structure in Five Ponds in Bertoua City, Cameroon (Central). Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences, 17, 48-57.
[16]
Essomba, B.R.E., Noah Ewoti, O.V., Tuekam Kayo, R.P., Sob Nangou, P.B., Tchakounté, S., Onana, F.M., Nyamsi Tchatcho, N.L. and Zébazé Togouet, S.H. (2021) Zooplankton Dynamics of the Kienke Estuary (Kribi, South Region of Cameroon): Importance of Physico-Chemical Parameters. Open Journal of Ecology, 11, 837-869. https://doi.org/10.4236/oje.2021.1112051
[17]
Suchel, B. (1987) Les climats du Cameroun. Université de Bordeaux III, Pessac, 1-1863.
[18]
Sighomnou, D. (2004) Analyse et redéfinition des régimes climatiques et hydrologiques du Cameroun: Perspectives d’évolution des ressources en eau. Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, 1-292.
[19]
Ndongo, D. (2001) Mangroves du Cameroun, statut écologique et perspectives de gestion durable. Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, 1-252.
[20]
Olivry, J. (1986) Fleuves et rivières du Cameroun. In: Monographies Hydrologiques ORSTOM, Ministére de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche scientifique au Cameroun, ORSTOM, Paris, 1-745.
[21]
Rodier, J., Legube, B. and Merlet, N. (2009) L’analyse de l’eau. 9e édition, Dunod, Paris, 1-1579.
[22]
Koste, W. (1978) Rotaria: Die Rädertiere Mitteleuropas. Vol. 2, Gebrüder Borntraegere, Berlin, 1-673.
[23]
Amoros, C. (1984) Introduction pratique à la systématique des organismes des eaux continentales françaises-5. Crustacés Cladocères. Publications de la Société Linnéenne de Lyon, 53, 72-107. https://doi.org/10.3406/linly.1984.10627
[24]
Smirnov, N.N. (1996) Cladocera: The Chydorinae and Sayciinae (Chydoridae) of the World. Guide to the Identification of the Microinvertebrate of the Continental: Waters of the World. Academic Publishing, Amsterdam, 1-197.
[25]
Fernando, C.H. (2002) A Guide to Tropical Freshwater Zooplankton: Identification, Ecology and Impact on Fisheries. Vol. 290, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 50-144
[26]
Al-Yamani, F.Y., Skryabin, V., Gubanova, A., Khvorov, S. and Prusova, I. (2011) Marine Zooplankton Practical Guide. Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait City, 2-399.
[27]
Sharma, B.K. and Sharma, S.U. (2014) Faunal Diversity of Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) in Wetlands of Majuli (the Largest River Island). Vol. 45, Opuscula Zoologica, Assam, 83-94.
[28]
Fuentes-Reinés, J.F., De Roa, E.Z. and Torres, R. (2015) A New Species of Cletocamptus Schmankewitsch, 1875 (Crustacea, Copepoda, Harpacticoida) and the Description of the Male of C. nudus from Colombia. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences, 10, 1-18.
[29]
Leszek, A., Błędzki, J. and Rybak, J. (2016) Freshwater Crustacean Zooplankton of Europe. Springer, Berlin, 1-923.
[30]
Leclercq, L. (2001) Flowing Waters: Characteristics and Means of Study, in Wetlands. Limnology and Oceanography, 15, 797-807.
[31]
Tazo Fopi, R.D., Tchamba, M.N. and Ajonina, G.N. (2021) Caractérisation physico chimique et dendrométrie dans les traitements de régénération de mangrove de l’Estuaire du Cameroun. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 15, 2701-2714. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i6.34
[32]
Moanono, P.G.T., Boudem Tsane, C.R., Tuekam, K.R., Dongmo, N.R., Kouedeum Kueppo, E.J., Françoise, D. and Zébazé Togouet, S.H. (2021) Biodiversity of the malacological fauna of somemangroves of the Cameroonian Littoral: Influence of abiotic factors. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 9, 41-48.
[33]
MINEPDED (Ministère de l’Environnement, de la Protection de la nature et du Développement Durable) et ENVI-REP (Environment and Resource Protection) (2010) Etudes préliminaires de la deuxième phase du projet de conservation et de gestion participative des écosystèmes de mangrove au Cameroun. Rapport Final, MINEPDED, 1-125.
[34]
Wolanski, E. (1995) Transport of Sediment in Mangrove Swamps. Hydrobiologia, 295, 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00029108
[35]
Tchakonte, S. (2016) Diversité et structure des peuplements de macroinvertébrés benthiques des cours d’eau urbains et périurbains de Douala (Cameroun). Université de Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, 1-179.
[36]
Foto Menbohan, S., Tchakonté, S., Ajeagah, G.A., Zébazé Togouet, S.H., Bilong, C.F. and Njiné, T. (2013) Water Quality Assessment Using Benthic Macroinvertebrates in a Periurban Stream (Cameroon). International Journal of Biotechnology, 2, 91-104.
[37]
Villanueva, M. (2004) Biodiversité et relations trophiques dans quelques milieux estuariens et lagunaires de l’Afrique de l’ouest: Adaptations aux pressions environnementales. Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Toulouse, 272.
[38]
Renaudin, V. (2001) Le dessalement de l’eau de mer et des eaux saumatres. Tec et Doc-Lavoisier, Nancy-Brabois, 1-11.
[39]
Luciano, F.H., Daniel, V.R., Andressa, S.E., Maria, V.G., Marcos, V.G., Flávio, B., Gilson, W.D., Rodrigo, A.R., Fábio, O.P., Emanuel, M.S., Rose, A.M., Valter, A.B., Eduardo, B. and Leonardo, M.C. (2018) Influence of Ancient Anthropogenic Activities on the Mangrove Soil Microbiome. Science of The Total Environment, 645, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.094
[40]
Herteman, M. (2010) Evaluation of the Bioremediation Capacities of a Mangrove Impacted by Domestic Wastewater. Application to the Pilot Site of Malamani, Mayotte. University of Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, 1-322.
[41]
Chapelle, F.H. (1992) Ground-Water Microbiology and Geochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1-424.
[42]
Tchakonte, S., Ajeagah, G.A., Diomande, D., Camara, A.I. and Ngassam, P. (2014) Diversity, Dynamic and Ecology of Freshwater Snails Related to Environmental Factors in Urban and Suburban Streams in Douala–Cameroon (Central). Aquatic Ecology Journal, 48, 379-395. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-014-9491-2
[43]
A.E. (Agences de l’Eau) (1999) Système d’évaluation de la qualité de l’eau des cours d’eau. Grilles D’évaluation, 2, 1-40.
[44]
Nandy, T., Sumit, M. and Meenakshi, C. (2018) Intra-Monsoonal Variation of Zooplankton Population in the Sundarbans Estuarine System, India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190, Article 603.
[45]
Manca, M. and Armiraglio, M. (2002) Zooplankton of 15 Lakes in the Southern Central Alps: Comparison of Recent and Past (pre-ca 1850 AD) Communities. Journal of Limnology, 61, 225-231. https://doi.org/10.4081/jlimnol.2002.225
[46]
Sacchi, C.F. and Testard, P. (1971) Animal’s Ecology, Organisms and Environnement. Doin Editition, Paris, 1-480.
[47]
Le Coz, M. (2017) Distribution and Trophic Role of Zooplankton in the Scheldt watershed. University of Paul Sabatier-Toulouse III, Toulouse, 1-263.
[48]
Hamaidi, F., Hamaidi, M.S., Guetarni, D., Saidi, F. and Said, M.S. (2008) Rotifers of the Oued Chiffa (Algeria). Bulletin de L’institut Scientifique, Rabat, Section Sciences de la vie, 30, 19-27.
[49]
Margaleff, R. (1983) Limnología, Omega, Barcelona, 1-1009.
[50]
Monney, I., Nahoua, O.I., N’doua, E.R., N’guessan, A.M., Bamba, M. and Tidiani, K. (2016) Distribution du zooplancton en relation avec les caractéristiques environnementales de quatre rivières côtières du Sud-est de la Côte d’Ivoire. Journal of Applied Biosciences, 82, 7326-7338. https://doi.org/10.4314/jab.v98i1.10
[51]
Pourriot, R. (1982) Ecologie du plancton des eaux continentales. Paris, Masson, 197 p.
[52]
Tchapgnouo, J.G.N., Njiné, T., Zébazé Togouet, S.H., Segnou, S.C.D., Tahir, T.S.M., Tchakonté, S. and Pinel-Alloul, B. (2012) Diversité spécifique et abondance des communautés de copépodes, cladocères et rotifères des lacs du complexe Ossa (Dizangué, Cameroun). Varia, 6, 71-93. https://doi.org/10.4000/physio-geo.2430
[53]
Wong, C.K., Chan, A.L.C. and Tang, K.W. (1992) Natural Ingestion Rates and Grazing Impact of the Marine Cladoceran Penilia avirostris Dana in Tolo Harbour, Hong Kong. Journal of Plankton Research, 14, 1757-1765. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/14.12.1757
[54]
Pagano, M. and Saint-Jean, L. (1988) Importance et rôle du zooplancton dans une lagune tropicale, la Lagune ébrié (Côte-d’Ivoire): Peuplement, biomasse, production et bilan métabolique. Thèse d’état, Université d’Aix Marseille, Marseille, 1-390.
[55]
Bollens, S.M., Breckenridge, J.K., Hooff, R.C. and Cordell, J.R. (2011) Mesozooplankton of the Lower San Francisco Estuary: Spatio-Temporal Patterns, ENSO Effects and the Prevalence of Non-Indigenous Species. Journal of Plankton Research, 33, 1358-1377. https://doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbr034
[56]
Barbault, R. (1995) General Ecology: Structure and Functioning of the Biosphere. 5th Edition, Dunod, Paris, 202-205.
[57]
MDDEFP (Ministère du Développement Durable, de L’environnement, de la Faune et des Parcs) (2013) Guide de surveillance biologique basée sur les macroinvertébrés benthiques d’eau douce du Québec—Cours d’eau peu profonds à substrat grossier. Direction du suivi de l’état de l’environnement, 2e edition, 88 p.
[58]
Angelier, E. (2003) Ecology of Streams and Rivers. CRC Press, Boca Raton, 213.
[59]
Onyema, I.C. and Ojo, A.A. (2008) The Zooplankton and Phytoplankton Biomass in a Tropical Creek, in Relation to Water Quality Indices. Life Science Journal, 5, 75-82.
[60]
Nkwoji, J.A., Chapelle, I.C. and Igbo, J.K. (2010) Wet Season Spatial Occurrence of Phytoplankton and Zooplankton. Science World Journal, 5, 7-14. https://doi.org/10.4314/swj.v5i2.61487
