Background:？Not much is known about history dependence of freely chosen cadence in competitive cyclists. Objective: It was investigated whether initial cycling at relatively low and high preset target cadences affected a subsequent freely chosen cadence at the end of the same bout of submaximal ergometer cycling. Methods:Nineteen？male competitive cyclists performed a single test session consisting of three separate bouts at 180 W. In one bout, cycling at 60？rpm was followed by cycling at freely chosen cadence. In another bout, cycling？at 110 rpm was followed by cycling at freely chosen cadence. In yet another bout (considered reference), the cadence was freely chosen, throughout. Motor rhythm output (cadence), biomechanical (including tangential pedal force),？and physiological (heart rate) responses were measured. Results: Increased cadence resulted in increased internal power and decreased maximal tangential pedal force, and viceversa. This was in accordance with existing knowledge. Initial cycling at 60 and 110 rpm caused the subsequent freely chosen cadence to be about 6 rpm lower and higher (p < 0.01), respectively, than the freely chosen cadence (91.2 ± 9.9 rpm) at the end of the reference bout. These？differences in cadence were accompanied by differences in heart rate and pedal？force (p < 0.05). Conclusions: For competitive cyclists, the freely chosen cadence at the end of a submaximal bout of cycling depends on the preset target cadence applied initially.
References
[1]
Abbiss, C. R., Peiffer, J. J., & Laursen, P. B. (2009). Optimal Cadence Selection during Cycling. International SportMed Journal, 10, 1-15.
[2]
Abbott, B. C., & Aubert, X. M. (1952). The Force Exerted by Active Striated Muscle during and after Change of Length. The Journal of Physiology, 117, 77-86.
[3]
Astrand, P.-O., & Rodahl, K. (1986). Textbook of Work Physiology. Physiological Bases of Exercise (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company.
[4]
Berg, R. W., Willumsen, A., & Lindén, H. (2019). When Networks Walk a Fine Line: Balance of Excitation and Inhibition in Spinal Motor Circuits. Current Opinion in Physiology, 8, 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cophys.2019.01.006
[5]
Berggren, G., & Hohwü Christensen, E. (1950). Heart Rate and Body Temperature as Indices of Metabolic Rate during Work. Arbeitsphysiologie, 14, 255-260.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00933843
[6]
Coast, J. R., & Welch, H. G. (1985). Linear Increase in Optimal Pedal Rate with Increased Power Output in Cycle Ergometry. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 53, 339-342. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00422850
[7]
De Luca, C. J., & Erim, Z. (1994). Common Drive of Motor Units in Regulation of Muscle Force. Trends in Neurosciences, 17, 299-305.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(94)90064-7
[8]
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A.-G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175-191. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03193146
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17695343
[9]
Forman, D. A., Philpott, D. T., Button, D. C., & Power, K. E. (2015). Cadence-Dependent Changes in Corticospinal Excitability of the Biceps Brachii during Arm Cycling. Journal of Neurophysiology, 114, 2285-2294. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00418.2015
[10]
Frigon, A. (2017). The Neural Control of Interlimb Coordination during Mammalian Locomotion. Journal of Neurophysiology, 117, 2224-2241.
https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00978.2016
[11]
Grillner, S. (2009). Pattern Generation. In: L. R. Squire (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (pp. 487-494). Academic Press.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045046-9.01341-3
[12]
Hansen, E. A. (2015). On Voluntary Rhythmic Leg Movement Behaviour and Control during Pedalling. Acta Physiologica, 214, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/apha.12529
[13]
Hansen, E. A., & Ohnstad, A. E. (2008). Evidence for Freely Chosen Pedalling Rate during Submaximal Cycling to Be a Robust Innate Voluntary Motor Rhythm. Experimental Brain Research, 186, 365-373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-1240-5
[14]
Hansen, E. A., & Sjogaard, G. (2007). Relationship between Efficiency and Pedal Rate in Cycling: Significance of Internal Power and Muscle Fiber Type Composition. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 17, 408-414.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00580.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16805781
[15]
Hansen, E. A., & Smith, G. (2009). Factors Affecting Cadence Choice during Submaximal Cycling and Cadence Influence on Performance. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 4, 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.1.3
[16]
Hansen, E. A., Ebbesen, B. D., Dalsgaard, A., Mora-Jensen, M. H., & Rasmussen, J. (2015). Freely Chosen Index Finger Tapping Frequency Is Increased in Repeated Bouts of Tapping. Journal of Motor Behavior, 47, 490-496.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00222895.2015.1015675
[17]
Hansen, E. A., Jensen, K., & Pedersen, P. K. (2006). Performance Following Prolonged Sub-Maximal Cycling at Optimal Versus Freely Chosen Pedal Rate. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 98, 227-233. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16906415
[18]
Hansen, E. A., Jorgensen, L. V., & Sjogaard, G. (2004). A Physiological Counterpoint to Mechanistic Estimates of “internal Power” during Cycling at Different Pedal Rates. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 91, 435-442.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-003-0997-x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14639482
[19]
Hansen, E. A., Jorgensen, L. V., Jensen, K., Fregly, B. J., & Sjogaard, G. (2002). Crank Inertial Load Affects Freely Chosen Pedal Rate during Cycling. Journal of Biomechanics, 35, 277-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9290(01)00182-8
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11784546
[20]
Hansen, E. A., Noddelund, E., Nielsen, F. S., Sorensen, M. P., Nielsen, M. O., Johansen, M., Andersen, M. H., & Nielsen, M. D. (2021). Freely Chosen Cadence during Ergometer Cycling Is Dependent on Pedalling History. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 121, 3041-3049. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-021-04770-w
[21]
Herzog, W. (2004). History Dependence of Skeletal Muscle Force Production: Implications for Movement Control. Human Movement Science, 23, 591-604.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2004.10.003
[22]
Kautz, S. A., & Neptune, R. R. (2002). Biomechanical Determinants of Pedaling Energetics: Internal and External Work Are Not Independent. Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, 30, 159-165.
[23]
Majczynski, H., Cabaj, A. M., Jordan, L. M., & Slawinska, U. (2020). Contribution of 5-HT2 Receptors to the Control of the Spinal Locomotor System in Intact Rats. Front Neural Circuits, 14, Article No. 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2020.00014
[24]
Marsh, A. P., & Martin, P. E. (1993). The Association between Cycling Experience and Preferred and Most Economical Cadences. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 25, 1269-1274. https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199311000-00011
[25]
McDaniel, J., Durstine, J. L., Hand, G. A., & Martin, J. C. (2002). Determinants of Metabolic Cost during Submaximal Cycling. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93, 823-828.
[26]
Miller, M. W. (2019). GABA as a Neurotransmitter in Gastropod Molluscs. The Biological Bulletin, 236, 144-156. https://doi.org/10.1086/701377
[27]
Minetti, A. E., Pinkerton, J., & Zamparo, P. (2001). From Bipedalism to Bicyclism: Evolution in Energetics and Biomechanics of Historic Bicycles. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 268, 1351-1360. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2001.1662
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11429134
[28]
Nielsen, J. S., Hansen, E. A., & Sjogaard, G. (2004). Pedalling Rate Affects Endurance Performance during High-Intensity Cycling. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 92, 114-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-004-1048-y
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15024664
[29]
Patterson, R. P., & Moreno, M. I. (1990). Bicycle Pedalling Forces as a Function of Pedalling Rate and Power Output. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 22, 512-516.
https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199008000-00016
[30]
Sakamoto, M., Tazoe, T., Nakajima, T., Endoh, T., & Komiyama, T. (2014). Leg Automaticity Is Stronger Than Arm Automaticity during Simultaneous Arm and Leg Cycling. Neuroscience Letters, 564, 62-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.009
[31]
Sheikulislami, E., Bergholt, J., Balle, G. P. H., Kristensen, K. E., Dam, I., Nortoft, C., & Hansen, E. A. (2022). A 5-Minute Rest Period Weakens the Phenomenon of History Dependence of Freely Chosen Pedalling Cadence and Entails a Borderland Observation. Advances in Physical Education, 12, 161-171.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ape.2022.122012
[32]
Sjogaard, G., Hansen, E. A., & Osada, T. (2002). Blood Flow and Oxygen Uptake Increase with Total Power during Five Different Knee-Extension Contraction Rates. Journal of Applied Physiology, 93, 1676-1684.
[33]
Young, W. B., Jenner, A., & Griffiths, K. (1998). Acute Enhancement of Power Performance from Heavy Load Squats. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 12, 82-84. https://doi.org/10.1519/00124278-199805000-00004
