In our original paper, we outlined a new model of nucleosynthesis which began when a small percentage of the vacuum energy was converted primarily into neutron-antineutron pairs but with a very small excess of neutrons. In this paper, we present a detailed study of that original idea. We show that immediately after their inception, annihilation and charge exchange reactions proceeded at a very high rate and after an interval of no more than 10-12 s, the matter/antimatter asymmetry of the universe and the present-day abundance of baryons had been established. The annihilations produced the high density of leptons critical for the weak interactions and the photons that make up the CMB. The model predicts a photon temperature in agreement with the present-day CMB value and also explains the origin of the CMB anisotropy spectrum. We also show how the nucleosynthesis density variations needed to explain all cosmic structures can resolve the difficulties that arise when trying to explain observed primordial element abundances in terms of a single-density universal model of nucleosynthesis.
References
[1]
Botke, J.C. (2020) A Different Cosmology: Thoughts from Outside the Box. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 6, 473-566. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2020.63037
[2]
Greene, G.L. and Geltenbort, P. (2016) The Neutron Enigma. Scientific American, 314, 36-41. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0416-36
[3]
Botke, J.C. (2021) The Origin of Cosmic Structure, Part 1—Stars to Superclusters. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 7, 1373-1409. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2021.74085
[4]
Møller, C. (1945) General Properties of the Characteristic Matrix in the Theory of Elementary Particles I. Det kongelige Danske videnskabernes selskab matematisk-fysiske Meddelelser, 23, 48 p. http://gymarkiv.sdu.dk/MFM/kdvs/mfm%2020-29/mfm-23-1.pdf
[5]
Brückner, W., Cujec, B., Döbbeling, K., et al. (1989) Measurements of the Antiproton-Proton Annihilation Cross-Section in the Beam Momentum Range between 180 and 600 MeV/c. CERN-EP/89-105. https://cds.cern.ch/record/200305/files/cer-000111954.pdf
[6]
Bressanni, T. and Filipppi, A. (2003) Antineutron Physics. Physics Reports, 383, 213-297. http://www.ph.unito.it/ccl/docenti/menichetti/CIVR/bressani.pdf https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(03)00233-3
[7]
Hamilton, R.P., Pun, T.P., Tripp, R.D., Nicholson, H. and Lazarus, D.M. (1980) Measurement of the Anti-pp Charge Exchange Cross-Section from 0.119 to 1.046 GeV/c. Physical Review Letters, 44, 1179-1181. https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.1179 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.1179
[8]
Brückner, W., Döbbeling, H., et al. (1986) Measurement of the Cross Section as Low Momenta. Physics Letters B, 169, 302-308. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0370269386906714 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(86)90671-4
[9]
Linssen, L. (1986) The Measurement of Antiproton-Proton Total Cross Sections and Small-Angle Elastic Scattering at Low Momenta. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/18/025/18025994.pdf
[10]
Abe, K., Adam, J., Aihara, H., et al. (2015) Measurement of the νμ Charged Current Quasi-Elastic Cross-Section on Carbon with the T2K On-Axis Neutrino Beam. arXiv:1503.07452v2. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1503.07452.pdf
[11]
Particle Data Group (2019) 50. Neutrino Cross Section Measurements. https://pdg.lbl.gov/2019/reviews/rpp2019-rev-nu-cross-sections.pdf
Dzhelepov, V.P., Golovin, B.M., Kazarinov, I.M. and Semenov, N.N. (1958) Elastic Scattering of 580 MeV Neutrons by Protons and Neutrons. CERN Report, 115-124. https://cds.cern.ch/record/1241659/files/p115.pdf
[17]
Adlarson, P., Augustyniak, W., Bardan, W., et al. (2020) Differential Cross Sections for Neutron-Proton Scattering in the Range of the d*(2380) Dibaryon Resonance. Physical Review C, 102, Article ID: 015204. https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.13057
[18]
Brückner, W., Cujec, B., Döbbeling, H., et al. (1991) Measurements of the Antiproton-Proton Elastic Cross Section in the Beam Momentum Range between 180 and 600 MeV/c. CERN-PPE/91-41. http://cds.cern.ch/record/218245 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01560639
[19]
Hirata, C. (2008) Big Bang Nucleosynthesis: Overview. https://www.tapir.caltech.edu/~chirata/ph217/lec05.pdf
[20]
Botke, J.C. (2022) The Origin of Cosmic Structure, Part 3—Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxy Cluster Evolution. Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology, 8, 345-371. https://doi.org/10.4236/jhepgc.2022.82028
[21]
Linsky, J.L. (2003) Atomic Deuterium/Hydrogen in the Galaxy. Space Science Reviews, 106, 49-60. https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0309099
[22]
Olive, K.A., Steigman, G. and Walker, T.P. (2000) Primordial Nucleosynthesis: Theory and Observations. Physics Reports, 333-334, 389-407. https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9905320 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00031-4
[23]
Balser, D.S., Bania, T.M., Rood, R.T. and Wilson, T.L. (1999) 3He in the Milky Way Interstellar Medium Abundance Determinations. The Astrophysical Journal, 510, 759-783. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999ApJ...510..759B/abstract https://doi.org/10.1086/306598