A jamming signal such as single and multiple
Continuous-Wave (CW and MCW) interferenceshave
been shown to have severe effects on the quality of the received signal in
wireless communication. This paper presents an approach of a low-complexity
algorithm that compares the performances of using Adaptive Notch Filter (ANF)
direct and lattice forms structures based on second-order
Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Notch Filter (NF) for the detection and
mitigation of CW and MCW interferences in QPSK communication systems. The approach method consists of two ANFs, adaptive IIR NF and adaptive IIR NF .？The present
algorithm can estimate and mitigate each CWI and computer their
power in Time-Domain (TD). In results for performance comparison, the lattice
IIR NF structure outperforms the direct IIR NF structure for detection and
removal jamming and has a better Bit Error Ratio (BER). Furthermore, compared
with the case of full suppression (), both cases (direct and
lattice form) work better for low and high-power jammers. Also, compared to the case without an IIR NF, the presented
algorithm can detect and mitigate, track hopping frequency interference, and
improve BER performance.
References
[1]
Mpitziopoulos, A., Gavalas, D., Konstantopoulos, C. and Pantziou, G. (2009) A Survey on Jamming Attacks and Countermeasures in WSNs. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 11, 42-56. https://doi.org/10.1109/SURV.2009.090404
[2]
Grover, K., Lim, A. and Yang, Q. (2014) Jamming and Anti-Jamming Techniques in Wireless Networks: A Survey. International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing, 17, 197-215. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJAHUC.2014.066419
[3]
Shahriar, C., et al. (2014) PHY-Layer Resiliency in OFDM Communications: A Tutorial. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 17, 292-314. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2014.2349883
[4]
Wei, X., Wang, Q., Wang, T. and Fan, J. (2016) Jammer Localization in Multi-Hop Wireless Network: A Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 19, 765-799. https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2016.2631146
[5]
Lichtman, M., Jover, R.P., Labib, M., Rao, R., Marojevic, V. and Reed, J.H. (2016) LTE/LTE-A Jamming, Spoofing, and Sniffing: Threat Assessment and Mitigation. IEEE Communications Magazine, 54, 54-61. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.2016.7452266
[6]
Borio, D., Dovis, F., Kuusniemi, H. and Presti, L.L. (2016) Impact and Detection of GNSS Jammers on Consumer Grade Satellite Navigation Receivers. Proceedings of the IEEE, 104, 1233-1245. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2016.2543266
[7]
Qin, W., Gamba, M.T., Falletti, E. and Dovis, F. (2020) An Assessment of Impact of Adaptive Notch Filters for Interference Removal on the Signal Processing Stages of a GNSS Receiver. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 56, 4067-4082. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2020.2990148
[8]
Zhang, Y.D. and Amin, M.G. (2012) Anti-Jamming GPS Receiver with Reduced Phase Distortions. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 19, 635-638. https://doi.org/10.1109/LSP.2012.2209873
[9]
Lu, D., Wu, R. and Liu, H. (2013) Global Positioning System Anti-Jamming Algorithm Based on Period Repetitive CLEAN. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, 7, 164-169. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2010.0353
[10]
Wu, J., Tang, X., Li, Z., Li, C. and Wang, F. (2019) Cascaded Interference and Multipath Suppression Method Using Array Antenna for GNSS Receiver. IEEE Access, 7, 69274-69282. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2918775
[11]
Huang, L., Lu, Z., Xiao, Z., Ren, C., Song, J. and Li, B. (2022) Suppression of Jammer Multipath in GNSS Antenna Array Receiver. Remote Sensing, 14, 350. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14020350
[12]
Chien, Y.-R. (2013) Hybrid Successive Continuous Wave Interference Cancellation Scheme for Global Positioning System Receivers. The Journal of Engineering, 2013, 7-14. https://doi.org/10.1049/joe.2013.0005
[13]
Lotz, T. (2008) Adaptive Analog-to-Digital Conversion and Pre-Correlation Interference Mitigation Techniques in a GNSS Receiver. Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern.
[14]
Balaei, A.T. and Dempster, A.G. (2009) A Statistical Inference Technique for GPS Interference Detection. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 45, 1499-1511. https://doi.org/10.1109/TAES.2009.5310313
[15]
Cho, N.I. and Lee, S.U. (1993) On the Adaptive Lattice Notch Filter for the Detection of Sinusoids. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 40, 405-416. https://doi.org/10.1109/82.238368
[16]
Choi, J.W. and Cho, N.I. (2002) Suppression of Narrow-Band Interference in DS-Spread Spectrum Systems Using Adaptive IIR Notch Filter. Signal Processing, 82, 2003-2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1684(02)00385-7
[17]
Xiao, Y., Takeshita, Y. and Shida, K. (2001) Steady-State Analysis of a Plain Gradient Algorithm for a Second-Order Adaptive IIR Notch Filter with Constrained Poles and Zeros. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing, 48, 733-740. https://doi.org/10.1109/82.958344
[18]
El Gebali, A. and Landry, R.J. (2022) Single and Multiple Continuous-Wave Interference Suppression Using Adaptive IIR Notch Filters Based on Direct-Form Structure in a QPSK Communication System. Applied Sciences, 12, 2186. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12042186
[19]
Chien, Y.-R., Huang, Y.-C., Yang, D.-N. and Tsao, H.-W. (2010) A Novel Continuous Wave Interference Detectable Adaptive Notch Filter for GPS Receivers. 2010 IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference GLOBECOM, Miami, 6-10 December 2010, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOM.2010.5684115
[20]
Borio, D., Camoriano, L. and Presti, L.L. (2008) Two-Pole and Multi-Pole Notch Filters: A Computationally Effective Solution for GNSS Interference Detection and Mitigation. IEEE Systems Journal, 2, 38-47. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2007.914780
[21]
Rusch, L.A. and Poor, H.V. (1994) Narrowband Interference Suppression in CDMA Spread Spectrum Communications. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 42, 1969-1979. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.1994.583411
[22]
Pashaian, M., Mosavi, M., Moghaddasi, M. and Rezaei, M. (2016) A Novel Interference Rejection Method for GPS Receivers. Iranian Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 12, 9-20.
[23]
Abbasi, M., Mosavi, M.R. and Reazei, M.J. (2020) GPS Continues Wave Jamming Canceller Using an ANF Combined with an Artificial Neural Network. 2020 8th Iranian Joint Congress on Fuzzy and Intelligent Systems (CFIS), Mashhad, 2-4 September 2020, 99-104. https://doi.org/10.1109/CFIS49607.2020.9238700
[24]
El Gebali, A. and Landry, R. (2020) Mitigation of Continuous Wave Narrow-Band Interference in QPSK Demodulation Using Adaptive IIR Notch Filter. American Journal of Signal Processing, 10, 10-18.
[25]
Arif, S.W., Coskun, A. and Kale, I. (2020) A Novel Optimization Algorithm for Notch Bandwidth in Lattice Based Adaptive Filter for the Tracking of Interference in GPS. 2020 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Sevilla, 10-21 October 2020, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAS45731.2020.9181117
[26]
Stearns, S.D. (1985) Fundamentals of Adaptive Signal Processing. Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque.
[27]
Ferdjallah, M. and Barr, R.E. (1994) Adaptive Digital Notch Filter Design on the Unit Circle for the Removal of Powerline Noise from Biomedical Signals. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 41, 529-536. https://doi.org/10.1109/10.293240
[28]
Choi, J.W. and Cho, N.I. (2001) Narrow-Band Interference Suppression in Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems Using a Lattice IIR Notch Filter. 2001 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings, Vol. 4, 2237-2240.
Regalia, P. (2018) Adaptive IIR Filtering in Signal Processing and Control. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315136653
[31]
Nam Ik, C., Chong-Ho, C. and Sang Uk, L. (1989) Adaptive Line Enhancement by Using an IIR Lattice Notch Filter. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 37, 585-589. https://doi.org/10.1109/29.17543
[32]
Borio, D., Camoriano, L., Savasta, S. and Presti, L.L. (2008) Time-Frequency Excision for GNSS Applications. IEEE Systems Journal, 2, 27-37. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2007.914914
[33]
Chien, Y.-R. (2013) Design of GPS Anti-Jamming Systems Using Adaptive Notch Filters. IEEE Systems Journal, 9, 451-460. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2013.2283753
[34]
Arif, S.W., Coskun, A. and Kale, I. (2019) A Fully Adaptive Lattice-Based Notch Filter for Mitigation of Interference in GPS. 2019 15th Conference on PhD Research in Microelectronics and Electronics (PRIME), Lausanne, 15-18 July 2019, 217-220. https://doi.org/10.1109/PRIME.2019.8787822
[35]
Lv, Q. and Qin, H. (2020) General Method to Mitigate the Continuous Wave Interference and Narrowband Interference for GNSS Receivers. IET Radar, Sonar & Navigation, 14, 1430-1435. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-rsn.2020.0115
[36]
Lv, Q. and Qin, H. (2018) A Novel Algorithm for Adaptive Notch Filter to Detect and Mitigate the CWI for GNSS Receivers. 2018 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Signal and Image Processing (ICSIP), Shenzhen, 13-15 July 2018, 444-451. https://doi.org/10.1109/SIPROCESS.2018.8600453
[37]
Same, M.H., Gleeton, G., Gandubert, G., Ivanov, P. and Landry, R. (2021) Multiple Narrowband Interferences Characterization, Detection and Mitigation Using Simplified Welch Algorithm and Notch Filtering. Applied Sciences, 11, 1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11031331
[38]
El Gebali, A. and Landry, R. (2021) Multi-Frequency Interference Detection and Mitigation Using Multiple Adaptive IIR Notch Filter with Lattice Structure. Journal of Computer and Communications, 9, 58-77. https://doi.org/10.4236/jcc.2021.95005
![\"\"](\"Edit_46f720fd-ac26-4204-8e94-e592f9edfbd9.png\")
![\"\"](\"Edit_b8bcd7f5-f97e-48b1-86f7-45d9c3eb9c2d.png\")
![\"\"](\"Edit_3c082f65-d8c1-44d7-b175-833d8a8126b6.png\")
