Assessment of Factors Influencing Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae) Disease Epidemics of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) at Tach Gayint District in North Western Ethiopia
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) is one of the oldest domesticated food legumes that have been cultivated for at least 5000 years. It is a multi-purpose crop that plays an important role in the socio-economic life of farming communities in Ethiopia. Chocolate spot disease, caused by Botrytis fabae is one of the yield limiting factors of this crop resulting in yield losses up to 68% in Ethiopia. A field survey was conducted in Tach Gayint district South Gondar Administrative Zone during the 2020/2021 main cropping season to assess the importance of the chocolate spot disease of faba bean. A total of 60 faba bean farmer fields were assessed in six (6) Kebele Administrations and most farmer fields were affected by chocolate spots. But the status of disease incidence and severity was varied. Significant differences among locations were observed due to altitude, soil type, planting density, date of planting, crop growth stages and farm history of the fields. Independent variables like Altitude, farm history, crop growth stage, date of planting and planting density were significantly associated with both disease incidence and severity when entered first and last into a model. The finding indicates that the lowest plant density and late planting of the crop reduce the incidence and severity of the disease.
References
[1]
Tewodros, T., Asfaw, A., Getachew, T., Kibersew, M. and Samuel, S. (2015) Evaluation of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Varieties against Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae) in North Gondar, Ethiopia. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 10, 2984-2988. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2014.9344
[2]
Bulti, M., Meseret, C. and Mulatu, W. (2019) Reconsidering the Economic and Nutritional Importance of Faba Bean in Ethiopian Context. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 5, Article ID: 1683938. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2019.1683938
[3]
Agegnehu, G. and Fessehaie, R. (2006) Response of Faba Bean to Phosphate Fertilizer and Weed Control on Nitisol of Ethiopian Highlands. European Journal of Agronomy, 2, 201-209. https://doi.org/10.4081/ija.2006.281
[4]
ICARDA (International Center of Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas) (2006) Technology Generations and Dissemination for Sustainable Production of Cereals and Cool Season Legumes. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, 256 p.
[5]
Yekedem, B. and Hassen, S. (2018) Chemical Control of Faba Bean Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae) in Bale Highland, Ethiopia. Food Science and Quality Management, 80, 45-53.
[6]
Central Statistical Agency (CSA) (2016) Report on Area and Production of Major Crops (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season). Statistical Bulletin 1, 10-14.
[7]
Central Statistical Agency (CSA) (2017) Report on Area and Production of Crops. Central Statistical Agency Agricultural Sample Survey for 2016/2017. Addis Ababa, Statistical Bulletin 566, 27-31.
[8]
Merkuz, A. (2017) Agriculture in the Lake Tana Sub-Basin of Ethiopia. In: Stave, K., Goshu, G. and Aynalem, S., Eds., Social and Ecological System Dynamics, Characteristics, Trends, and Integration in the Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia, AESS Interdisciplinary Environmental Studies and Sciences Series, Springer International Publishing, Berlin, 375-397.
[9]
Agegnehu, G., Amare, G. and Woldeyesus, S. (2006) Yield Performance and Land-Use Efficiency of Barley and Faba Bean Mixed Cropping in Ethiopian Highlands. European Journal of Agronomy, 25, 202-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2006.05.002
[10]
Sahile, S., Seid, A., Chemeda, F., Mathew, M.A. and Sakhuja, P.K. (2008) Survey of Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae) Disease of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) and Assessment of Factors Influencing Disease Epidemics in Northern Ethiopia. Crop Protection, 27, 1457-1463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2008.07.011
[11]
Merkuz, A. and Meseret, S. (2022) Effect of Varieties and Fungicide Rate on Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae) Disease of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) at Tach Gayint District in South Gondar Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia, American Journal of Plant Sciences, 13, 588-599. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2022.135039
[12]
Meselu, Y. (2019) A Review on the Seed Sector of Ethiopia: Prospects and Challenges of Faba Bean Seed Supply. South Asian Journal of Development Research, 1, 44-54.
[13]
Getnet, Y. and Yehizbalem, A. (2018) Evaluation of Faba Bean Varieties against Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae Sard) Disease at Farta, South Gondar, Ethiopia. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, 21, 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12892-017-0089-0
[14]
Getnet, Y. and Yehizbalem, A. (2017) Adaptation of Faba Bean Varieties for Yield, for Yield Components and against Faba Bean Gall (Olpidium viciae kusano) Disease in South Gondar, Ethiopia. The Crop Journal, 5, 560-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cj.2017.05.007
[15]
Tach Gayint District Office of Agriculture Annual Report (TGDOA) (2018) Tach Gayint District Office of Agriculture and Rural Development Annual Report. 19-23.
[16]
Mesele, H. (2018) Severity of Chocolate Spot Disease on Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) and Characterization of Botrytis fabae Isolates in Southwest, Ethiopia. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 8, 10-17. https://www.iiste.org
[17]
Bernier, C.C., Hanounik, S.B., Hussein, M.M. and Mohamed, H.A. (1993) Field Manual of Common Faba Bean Diseases in the Nile Valley. International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), Allepo, 1984, Information Bulletin No. 3.
[18]
Ding, G., Xung, L., Oifang, G., Pingxi, L., Dazaho, Y. and Ronghai, H. (1993) Evaluation and Screening of Faba Bean Germplasm in China. Fabis Newsletter, 32, 8-10.
[19]
Wulita, W.K. (2015) Management of the Newly Emerged Disease “qormid” on Faba Bean (Vicia faba.) Using Varieties and Fungicides in North Shoa, Central Ethiopia. M.Sc. Thesis, Haramaya University, Haramaya, 65.
[20]
Wheeler, B.E.J. (1969) An Introduction to Plant Diseases. Wiley and Sons, London, 374 p.
[21]
Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, A.A. (1984) Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, 680.
[22]
Gosaye, E., Yekedem, B. and Hassen, S. (2018) Association of Chocolate Spot and Faba Bean Rust Epidemics with Climate Change Resilient Cultural Practices in Bale High Lands of Ethiopia. Advances in Agriculture, 2018, Article ID: 6042495. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6042495
[23]
Anteneh, A., Yohannes, E., Mesganaw, G., Solomon, G. and Getachew, T. (2018) Survey of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) Disease in Major Faba Bean Growing Districts of North Gondar, Ethiopia. African Journal of Plant Science, 12, 33-36. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS2016.1615
[24]
Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) (2015) Pulse Crops Manual. Agricultural Transformation Agency, Addis Ababa, 34-37.
[25]
Amare, T., Abebe, A. and Mamo, B. (2018) Faba Bean Production Guide Line Using Rhizbial Bio-Fertilizer Technology. Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Addis Ababa.
[26]
Estayih, A. (2018) Managing Chocolate Spot of Faba Bean (Botryitis fabae) Using Fungicides Integrated with Varieties of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L) in North Shewa, Central Highland, Ethiopia. MSc Thesis, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan.
[27]
Asnakech, T. (2014) Genetic Analysis and Characterization of Faba Bean (Vicia faba) for Resistance to Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae) Disease and Yield in the Ethiopian Highlands. MSc. Crop Protection (Plant Pathology), Haramaya University of Agriculture, Haramaya, 11-62.
[28]
Gedyon, T. (2017) Study on Prevalence and Importance of Faba Bean Diseases in Sidama and Gedeo Highlands, South Eastern Ethiopia. International Journal of Pure Agricultural Advances, 1, 24-29. https://doi.org/10.20448/813.11.24.29
[29]
Harrison, J.G. (1988) The Biology of Botrytis spp. on Vicia fabae and Chocolate Spot Disease: A Review. Plant Pathology, 37, 168-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.1988.tb02064.x
[30]
Misgana, M. (2017) Integrated Management of Chocolate Spot (Botrytis fabae) Disease of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.) in Ethiopia: A Review. International Journal of Research—Granthaalayah, 5, 195-205. https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v5.i9.2017.2231
