Geology of Northern Sulaiman Foldbelt, Shirani and Waziristan Regions (South Punjab, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa): New Tomistominae (Miocene False Gharial) from Sakhi Sarwar Area of Dera Ghazi Khan (South Punjab), Pakistan
Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan (South Punjab, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) comprised mostly PermoTriassic to Recent sediments with subordinate igneous and metamorphic rocks. These sedimentary strata folded and faulted by geodynamic and tectonic forces occurred during Late Cretaceous to Recent revealed through anticlinal and synclinal foldings and active faultings. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan areas host many economic minerals like copper and chromite, construction stones, marble limestones, gypsum and cement resources, uranium and other radioactive mineral resources, low-quality iron, phosphate and muddy coal, high-quality gemstones, petroleum potential and excellent water resources and many other rocks and minerals. High-quality window and faden quartz crystals deposited in fractures and fissures as vugs and veins deposited by high-temperature hypothermal solution created by the tectonic compression process. The area has economic chromite and magnesite deposits. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan areas have large cement raw materials/resources (limestones, gypsum and shale/clays available mostly on same sites) which vitally need to install many cement industries in these areas because the ideal central location and now only one cement industry (Dera Ghazi Khan cement industry) is in operation. The Northern Koh Sulaiman foldbelt, Shirani, North and South Waziristan consists of excellent surface water resources which need the construction of smaller and medium-sized dams on different rud kohi/streams/rivers for the development of the area. Sakhi Sarwar area of Dera Ghazi Khan (South Punjab) yielded fossil of new Tomistominae (False Gharial) Gavialidae and further its surroundings recently yielded fossils of famous vertebrates like reptiles (dinosaurs, crocodiles, pterosaur and snake), birds and mammals, and tracks/trackways of Late Cretaceous archosaurs like Sauropaonia, Ornithopaonia and Pteropaonia.
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Malkani, M.S. and Anwar, C.M. (2000) Discovery of First Dinosaur Fossil in Pakistan, Barkhan District, Balochistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan Information Release, 732, 1-16.
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Malkani, M.S. (2021) Jurassic-Cretaceous and Cretaceous-Paleogene Transitions and Mesozoic Vertebrates from Pakistan. Open Journal of Geology, 11, 275-318.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.118016
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Malkani, M.S. (2003) Pakistani Titanosauria; Are Armoured Dinosaurs? Geological Bulletin University of Peshawar, 36, 85-91.
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Malkani, M.S. (2010) Osteoderms of Pakisauridae and Balochisauridae (Titanosauria, Auropoda, Dinosauria) in Pakistan. Journal of Earth Science, 21, 198-203.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-010-0212-z
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Malkani, M.S. (2020) First Skull of Medium Sized Titanosaur from Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent Found from Found from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan; Associated Cranial and Postcranial Skeletons of Gspsaurus pakistani (Poripuchia, Stocky Titanosauria, Sauropoda) from Pakistan and India. Open Journal of Geology, 10, 448-489. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.104020
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Malkani, M.S. (2021) Formal Description of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Biotas Found from Pakistan. Open Journal of Geology, 11, 411-455.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2021.119023
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Malkani, M.S. (2020) First Snout with Complete Teeth Row of Titanosaur from Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent Found from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Pakistan; Associated Cranial and Postcranial Skeletons of Saraikimasoom vitakri (Poripuchia, Stocky Titanosauria, Sauropoda) from Pakistan and Referred Fossils from India. Open Journal of Geology, 10, 368-407.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.104018
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Malkani, M.S. (2020) Theropods, Mesoeucrocodiles and Pterosaurs Found from the Latest Maastrichtian Vitakri Formation of Balochistan, Pakistan; Description with Large Photographs and Comparison with Coeval Taxa from Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent. Open Journal of Geology, 10, 510-551.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2020.105023
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Wilson, J.A, Malkani, M.S. and Gingerich, P.D. (2001) New Crocodyliform (Reptilia, Mesoeucrocodylia) form the Upper Cretaceous Pab Formation of Vitakri, Balochistan (Pakistan). Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, the University of Michigan, 30, 321-336.
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Malkani, M.S. (2015) Dinosaurs, Mesoeucrocodiles, Pterosaurs, New Fauna and Flora from Pakistan. Geological Survey of Pakistan, Information Release, 823, 1-32.
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Malkani, M.S. (2019) Recently Discovered Basilosaurid, Baluchithere Rhinoceros, Horses, Sea Cow, Proboscidean, Eucrocodile, Pterosaurs, Plesiosaur, Fishes, Invertebrates and Wood Fossils, Tracks and Trackways of Dinosaurs from Pakistan; Comparison of Recognized Four Titanosaur Taxa of Indo-Pakistan with Madagascar. Open Journal of Geology, 9, 919-955. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojg.2019.912098
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Malkani, M.S., Somro, N. and Arif, S.J. (2018) A New Pes Footprint of Sauropod Dinosaur Discovered from Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. Researchgate.net, 1 p.
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Malkani, M.S. (2007) Trackways Evidence of Sauropod Dinosaurs Confronted by a Theropod Found from Middle Jurassic Samana Suk Limestone of Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series), 39, 1-14.
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Malkani, M.S. (2008) Marisaurus (Balochisauridae, Titanosauria) Remains from the Latest Cretaceous of Pakistan. Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series), 40, 55-78.
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Gingerich, P.D., Haq, M., Zalmout, I.S., Khan, I.H. and Malkani, M.S. (2001) Origin of Whales from Early Artiodactyls: Hands and Feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan. Science, 293, 2239-2242. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1063902
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Malkani, M.S., Dhanotr, M.S.I., Latif, A. and Saeed, H.M. (2013) New Remains of Basilosauridae—The Giant Basal Whale, and Baluchithere—The Giant Rhinoceros Discovered from Balochistan Province (Pakistan). Sindh University Research Journal (Science Series), 45, 177-188.
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Raza S.M, Cheema I.U., William R.D., Rajppar A.R. and Ward S.C. (2002) Miocene Stratigraphy and Mammal Fauna from the Sulaiman Range, Southwest Himalayas, Pakistan. Paleogeography, Paleosedimentology, Paleoecology, 186, 185-197.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00443-1
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Sahni, A. and Patnaik, R. (2022) An Eocene Greenhouse Forested India: Were Biotic Radiations Triggered by Early Palaeogene Thermal Events? Journal of the Geological Society of India, 98, 753-759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12594-022-2064-4
