Background: This article examines the effects of role modeling used as an educational scaffold in simulation. Students requested an exemplar of what was expected before entering the simulation scenario. Three expert nurses were filmed managing a deteriorating patient scenario with these videos then used in pre-briefing with undergraduate nursing students. Method: Action research is employed with undergraduate nursing students (n = 161) who acted as co-researchers in that they are asked for changes in simulation which will improve their learning in the areas of knowledge acquisition, skill development, critical thinking, and communication. Three action research cycles were employed with feedback from each cycle informing the next. Results: The use of an expert role modeling video as a prebriefing educational scaffold strengthened professional competence, clinical reasoning and judgment, and professional confidence. Furthermore, designing roles within the simulation allowed students to gain competence in managing one small piece of the overall situation. Conclusion: This research highlights the effectiveness of pre-briefing video clips in enhancing student learning with undergraduate nurses. These abilities are essential in order to provide safe and competent care, and to encourage professional identity/development in undergraduate nurses.
References
[1]
Kim, J.I., Senaratna, D.M., Ruza, J., Kam, C and Ng, S. (2015) Feasibility Study on an Evidence-Based Decision-Support System for Hospital Site Selection for an Aging Population. Sustainability, 7, 2730-2744. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7032730
[2]
Jarvill, M., Kelly, S. and Krebs, H. (2018) Effect of Expert Role Modeling on Skill Performance in Simulation. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 24, 25-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2018.08.005
[3]
Erlam, G., Smythe, E. and Wright-St Clair, V. (2018) Action Research and Millennials—Improving Pedagogical Approaches to Encourage Critical Thinking. Nurse Education Today, 61, 140-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.11.023
[4]
Erlam, G., Smythe, E. and Wright-St Clair, V. (2015) Improving Pedagogical Practices with Undergraduate Nursing Students in High-Fidelity Simulation. Doctoral Thesis, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland.
[5]
Erlam, G., Smythe, L. and Wright, V. (2016) Simulation and Millennials—The Perfect Storm. Open Journal of Nursing, 6, 688-698. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2016.69071
[6]
Erlam, G., Smythe, L. and Wright-St Clair, V. (2017) Navigating the Storm of Deteriorating Patients: Seven Scaffolds for Simulation Design. Open Journal of Nursing, 7, 683-697. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojn.2017.76051
[7]
Nursing Council of New Zealand (2019) Handbook for Pre-Registration Nursing Programmes. New Zealand Government Printing Office, Wellington.
[8]
Karimi, Z., Ashktorab, T., Mohammadi, E. and Abedi, H.A. (2014) Using the Hidden Curriculum to Teach Professionalism in Nursing Students. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 16, Article No. e15532. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.15532
[9]
Li, J., Smothers, A., Fang, W. and Borland, M. (2019) Undergraduate Nursing Students’ Perception of End-of-Life Care Education Placement in the Nursing Curriculum. Journal of Hospice and Palliative Nursing, 21, E12-E18. https://doi.org/10.1097/NJH.0000000000000533
[10]
McLoughlin, C.E. and Alam, S.L. (2014) A Case Study of Instructor Scaffolding Using Web 2.0 Tools to Teach Social Informatics. Journal of Information Systems Education, 25, 125-136.
[11]
Passmore, G.G. (2014) Concept Mapping: A Meaningful Learning Tool to Promote Conceptual Understanding and Clinical Reasoning. In: Bradshaw, M.J. and Lowenstein, A.J., Eds., Innovative Teaching Strategies in Nursing and Related Health Professions, 6th Edition, Jones & Bartlett Learning, Burlington, 397-416.
[12]
Baldwin, A., Mills, J., Birks, M. and Budden, L. (2017) Reconciling Professional Identity: A Grounded Theory of Nurse Academics’ Role Modelling for Undergraduate Students. Nurse Education Today, 59, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.08.010
[13]
Tun, J.K., Alinier, G., Tang, J. and Kneebone, R.L. (2015) Redefining Simulation Fidelity for Healthcare Education. Simulation & Gaming, 46, 159-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046878115576103
[14]
Almeida, R., Jorge, B., Souza-Junior, V., Mazzo, A., Martins, J., Negri, E. and Mendes, I. (2018) Trends in Research on Simulation in the Teaching of Nursing: An Integrative Review. Nursing Education Perspectives, 39, E7-E10. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000292
[15]
Nehring, W. and Lashley, F.R. (2009) Nursing Simulation: A Review of the Past 40 Years. Simulation & Gaming, 40, 528-551. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046878109332282
[16]
Key, B., Woods, A. and Hanks, M. (2019) Role Modeling in Simulation as an Inductive Classroom Learning Strategy for Nursing Education. Nursing Education Perspectives, 42, 61-62. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000540
[17]
Bandura, A. (1977) Social Learning Theory. General Learning Press, New York.
[18]
Dewey, J. (1986) Experience and Education. Educational Forum, 50, 241-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131728609335764
[19]
Dewey, J. (1922) Human Nature and Conduct: An Introduction to Social Psychology. Henry Holt and Company, New York. https://doi.org/10.1037/14663-000
[20]
White, S., Stainer, L., Cooper, K. and Waight, S. (2018) The Personal Tutor as a Role Model for Students: Humanising Nursing Care. British Journal of Nursing, 27, 52-55. https://doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2018.27.1.52
[21]
McNiff, J. and Whitehead, J. (2011) All You Need to Know about Action Research. 2nd Edition, Sage, Thousand Oaks.
[22]
Lasater, K. (2007) Clinical Judgment Development: Using Simulation to Create an Assessment Rubric. Journal of Nursing Education, 46, 496-503. https://doi.org/10.3928/01484834-20071101-04
[23]
Lasater, K. (2011) Clinical Judgment: The Last Frontier for Evaluation. Nurse Education in Practice, 11, 86-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2010.11.013
[24]
Braun, V. and Clarke, V. (2006) Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
[25]
Benner, P., Sutphen, M., Leonard, V. and Day, L. (2010) Educating Nurses: A Call for Radical Transformation. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
[26]
Lim, F. and Marsaglia, M.J. (2018) Nursing Humanities: Teaching for a Sense of Salience. Nursing Education Perspectives, 39, 121-122. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NEP.0000000000000184
[27]
Ashcraft, A., Opton, L., Bridges, R., Caballero, S., Veesart, A. and Weaver, C. (2013) Simulation Evaluation Using a Modified Lasater Clinical Judgment Rubric. Nursing Education Perspectives, 34, 122-126. https://doi.org/10.1097/00024776-201303000-00011
[28]
Lapkin, S., Levett-Jones, T., Bellchambers, H. and Fernandez, R. (2010) Effectiveness of Patient Simulation Manikins in Teaching Clinical Reasoning Skills to Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Systematic Review. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 6, e207-e222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2010.05.005
[29]
Coombs, N.M. (2018) Educational Scaffolding: Back to Basics for Nursing Education in the 21st Century. Nurse Education Today 68, 198-200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2018.06.007
[30]
Josephsen, J. (2015) Cognitive Load Theory and Nursing Simulation: An Integrative Review. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 11, 259-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2015.02.004
[31]
Bussard, M.E. and Lawrence, N. (2019) Role Modeling to Teach Communication and Professionalism in Prelicensure Nursing Students. Teaching and Learning in Nursing, 14, 219-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.teln.2019.04.005
[32]
Johnson, E.A., Lasater, K., Hodson-Carlton, K., Siktberg, L., Sideras, S. and Dillard, N. (2012) Geriatrics in Simulation: Role Modelling and Clinical Judgment Effect. Nursing Education Perspectives, 33, 176-180.
[33]
Reedy, G.B. (2015) Using Cognitive Load Theory to Inform Simulation Design and Practice. Clinical Simulation in Nursing, 11, 355-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecns.2015.05.004
[34]
Al Sabei, S.D. and Lasater, K. (2016) Simulation Debriefing for Clinical Judgment Development: A Concept Analysis. Nurse Education Today, 45, 42-47.
[35]
Erlam, G., Smythe, L. and Wright-St Clair, V.A. (2018) Modelling Best Practice to Shape Student Performance in Simulation. 7th International Nurse Education Conference, Banff, 6-9 May 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2016.06.008
