河南郸城方言副词“狠”的用法
Usage of the Adverb “Ruthless” in Dancheng Dialect, Henan Province

周口郸城方言划归中原官话商阜片。本文以周口市郸城县方言为基础，主要描写了郸城方言副词“狠”的用法。对“狠”的用法在语义、句法结构和语用功能上进行描述。在郸城方言中“狠”作为情态副词，语义一对应普通话的副词“拼命地”“使劲地”表示是动作的持续时间长或重复，程度加强，或动作幅度大或力度大。从句法结构看，“狠”修饰动词，构成“狠 + V”和重叠式“狠 + V + 狠 + V”和“狠 + VV”结构；语义二对应于普通话的“非……(不可)；硬要；偏”，表示故意违反要求，采取与说话人的要求相对立的做法。构成的句法结构有两种，“情狠 + V (O)”和“狠 + V”。语用功能上来说，可以表达出说话人的语气和情绪，增加一定的感情色彩，使语句的表达也更加具体。
Zhoukou Dancheng dialect belongs to Shangfu slice of Zhongyuan Mandarin. Based on the dialect of Dancheng County, Zhoukou City, this paper mainly describes the usage of the Adverb “ruthless” in Dancheng dialect. The usage of “ruthless” is described in terms of semantics, syntactic structure and pragmatic function. In Dancheng dialect, “ruthless” is used as a modal adverb. Semantic one of the adverbs “desperately” and “vigorously” corresponding to Mandarin indicates that the action lasts for a long time or is repeated, the degree is strengthened, or the action range is large or the intensity is large. From the perspective of syntactic structure, “ruthless” modifies verbs to form “ruthless + V” and overlapping “ruthless + V + ruthless + V” and “ruthless + VV” structures; Semantic two corresponds to “must... (can’t); mandatory; partial” in Mandarin, which means deliberately violating the requirements and adopting a practice opposite to the speaker’s requirements. There are two syntactic structures, “qingruthless + V (O)” and “ruthless + V”. In terms of pragmatic function, it can express the speaker’s mood and emotion, increase a certain emotional color, and make the expression of sentences more specific.