The gadolinium substituted nickel-zinc ferrite nanoparticles of the composition, Ni0.5Zn0.5Gd0.05Fe1.95O4 were prepared using sol-gel method. In order to study the effect of calcination temperature on the optical parameters, the prepared powder was divided into five parts. The first part was taken as the as-prepared sample and the remaining four parts were calcinated at different temperatures, 600°C, 700°C, 800°C & 900°C. The X-ray diffraction patterns revealed the formation of cubic spinel structure with single phase and Fd3m space group. The crystallite size was increased from 11.75 nm to 18.13 nm as the calcination temperature increased from 600 to 900°C whereas as-prepared sample exhibited 17.61 nm. The dislocation density was decreased from 7.243 × 10-3 to 3.042 × 10-3 nm-2 as the calcination temperature increased from 600°C to 900°C. The micro strain was decreased from 10 × 10-4 to 6.452 × 10-4 as the calcination temperature increased from 600°C to 900°C. The characteristic absorbance peaks were obtained at 255.2 nm for the ferrite nanoparticles of as-prepared and calcinated at 600°C and 800°C whereas it was obtained as 252.8 nm for the sample calcinated at 700°C and there was no such characteristic peak in UV-visible range for the sample calcinated at 900°C; it is expected in the below 200 nm region. The optical energy gap was calculated using Kubelka-Munk equation based on Tauc’s plot and found in the range 4.100 eV to 5.389 eV. The lowest energy gap of 4.100 eV exhibited by the sample calcinated at 700°C and the highest energy gap of 5.389
References
[1]
Chandra Babu Naidu, K., Roopas Kiran, S. and Madhuri, W. (2017) Investigations on Transport, Impedance and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties of Microwave Processed NiMg Ferrites. Materials Research Bulletin, 89, 125-138.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.materresbull.2017.01.015
[2]
Rajput, J.K., Arora, P., Kaur, G. and Kaur, M. (2015) CuFe2O4 Magnetic Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst: Low Power Sonochemical-Coprecipitation Preparation and Applications in Synthesis of 4H-Chromene-3-Carbonitrile Scaffolds. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 26, 229-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.01.008
[3]
Srinivasan, S.Y., Paknikar, K.M., Bodas, D. and Gajbhiye, V. (2018) Applications of Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles in Biomedical Nanotechnology. Nanomedicine, 13, 1221-1238. https://doi.org/10.2217/nnm-2017-0379
[4]
Hankiewicz, J.H., Pajak, Z. and Murakhowski, A.A. (1991) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Ba3Co2Fe24O41 Ferrite. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 101, 134-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(91)90704-E
[5]
Mathpal, M.C., Niraula, G., Chand, M., Kumar, P., Singh, M.K., Sharma, S.K., et al. (2021) State of Art of Spinel Ferrites Enabled Humidity Sensors. In: Spinel Nanoferrites, Springer, Cham, 437-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79960-1_14
[6]
Kotnala, R.K. and Shah, J. (2016) Green Hydroelectrical Energy Source Based on Water Dissociation by Nanoporous Ferrite. International Journal of Energy Research, 40, 1652-1661. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.3545
[7]
Manikandan, V., Sikarwar, S., Yadav, B.C. and Mane, R.S. (2018) Fabrication of Tin Substituted Nickel Ferrite (Sn-NiFe2O4) Thin Film and Its Application as Opto-Electronic Humidity Sensor. Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, 272, 267-273.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.01.059
[8]
Yue, Q., Liu, C., Wan, Y., Wu, X., Zhang, X. and Du, P. (2018) Defect Engineering of Mesoporous Nickel Ferrite and Its Application for Highly Enhanced Water Oxidation Catalysis. Journal of Catalysis, 358, 1-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2017.10.027
[9]
Yasmin, N., Inam, I., Malik, I.A., Zahid, M., Ashiq, M.N., Abdulsatar, S., et al. (2018) Structural and Magnetic Properties of Cr Doped Strontium Spinel Ferrite SrFe2O4 by Sol-Gel Auto-Combustion Method. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 550, 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2018.08.039
[10]
Gupta, M. and Randhawa, B.S. (2012) Microstructural, Magnetic and Electric Properties of Mixed Cs–Zn Ferrites Prepared by Solution Combustion Method. Solid State Sciences, 14, 849-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2012.04.010
[11]
Haralkar, S.J., Kadam, R.H., More, S.S., Shirsath, S.E., Mane, M.L., Patil, S. and Mane, D.R. (2012) Substitutional Effect of Cr3+ Ions on the Properties of Mg–Zn Ferrite Nanoparticles. Physica B: Condensed Matter, 407, 4338-4346.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2012.07.030
[12]
Amaliya, A.P., Anand, S. and Pauline, S. (2018) Investigation on Structural, Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Titanium Substituted Cobalt Ferrite Nanocrystallites. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 467, 14-28.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.07.058
[13]
Pal, J. and Chauhan, P. (2010) Study of Physical Properties of Cobalt Oxide (CO3O4) Nanocrystals. Materials Characterization, 61, 575-579.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2010.02.017
[14]
Hu, L., Wu, L., Liao, M., Hu, X. and Fang, X. (2012) Electrical Transport Properties of Large, Individual NiCo2O4 Nanoplates. Advanced Functional Materials, 22, 998-1004. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201102155
[15]
Cui, B., Lin, H., Liu, Y.Z., Li, J.B., Sun, P., Zhao, X.C. and Liu, C.J. (2009) Photophysical and Photocatalytic Properties of Core-Ring Structured NiCo2O4 Nanoplatelets. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113, 14083-14087.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jp900028t
[16]
Yousef, T.A., El-Reash, G.A., Attia, M.I. and El-Tabai, M.N. (2015) Comparative Ligational, Optical Band Gap and Biological Studies on Cr (III) and Fe (III) Complexes of Hydrazones Derived from 2-hydrazinyl-2-oxo-N-phenylacetamide with Both Vanillin and O-Vanillin. Chemical Physics Letters, 636, 180-192.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2015.07.001
[17]
Yousef, T.A., El-Reash, G.A., El-Gammal, O.A. and Bedier, R.A. (2012) Co (II), Cu (II), Cd (II), Fe (III) and U (VI) Complexes Containing a NSNO Donor Ligand: Synthesis, Characterization, Optical Band Gap, in Vitro Antimicrobial and DNA Cleavage Studies. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1029, 149-160.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2012.06.050
[18]
Melsheimer, J., Mahmoud, S.S., Mestl, G. and Schlogl, R. (1999) In Situ UV-VIS Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy of Reduction-Reoxidation of Heteropoly Compounds by Methanol and Ethanol: A Correlation between Spectroscopic and Catalytic Data. Catalysis Letters, 60, 103-111. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019094621316
[19]
K Rama, K., K Vijaya, K. and Dachepalli, R. (2012) Structural and Electrical Conductivity Studies in Nickel-Zinc Ferrite. Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry, 2, 185-191. https://doi.org/10.4236/ampc.2012.23028
[20]
Berchmans, L.J., Selvan, R.K. and Augustin, C.O. (2004) Evaluation of Mg2+-Substituted NiFe2O4 as a Green Anode Material. Materials Letters, 58, 1928-1933.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2003.12.008
[21]
Yue, Z., Zhou, J., Li, L., Wang, X. and Gui, Z. (2001) Effect of Copper on the Electromagnetic Properties of Mg-Zn-Cu Ferrites Prepared by Sol-Gel Auto-Combustion Method. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 86, 64-69.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5107(01)00660-2
[22]
Kumar, K.V., Bhavani, S.D. and Shukur, M.A. (2022) The Study of Temperature Dependent Structural and Elastic Properties of. Bulgarian Journal of Physics, 20, 1-16.
[23]
Pawar, D.K., Pawar, S.M., Patil, P.S. and Kolekar, S.S. (2011) Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Nickel–Zinc Ferrite (Ni0.8Zn0.2Fe2O4) Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition Method. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 509, 3587-3591.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.12.079
[24]
Thanh, N.K., Loan, T.T., Anh, L.N., Duong, N.P., Soontaranon, S., Thammajak, N. and Hien, T.D. (2016) Cation Distribution in CuFe2O4 Nanoparticles: Effects of Ni Doping on Magnetic Properties. Journal of Applied Physics, 120, Article ID: 142115.
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4961722
[25]
Chopra, K.L. (1969) Thin Film Phenomena. McGraw-Hill, New York, 196.
[26]
Naresh, U., Kumar, R.J. and Parasad, T.R. (2018) Optical Properties of Copper Ferrite Nano-Particle Synthesized via Hydrothermal Technique. Bulletin of Pure & Applied Sciences-Physics, 37, 172-177.
https://doi.org/10.5958/2320-3218.2018.00024.6
[27]
Xue, S.W., Zu, X.T., Zhou, W.L., Deng, H.X., Xiang, X., Zhang, L. and Deng, H. (2008) Effects of Post-Thermal Annealing on the Optical Constants of ZnO Thin Film. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 448, 21-26.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.10.076
[28]
Ashour, A., El-Kadry, N. and Mahmoud, S.A. (1995) On the Electrical and Optical Properties of CdS Films Thermally Deposited by a modified Source. Thin Solid Films, 269, 117-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(95)06868-6
[29]
Greenaway, D.L. and Harbeke, G. (1968) Optical Properties and Band Structure of Semiconductors. Pergamon, New York.
[30]
Güneri, E. and Kariper, A. (2012) Optical Properties of Amorphous CuS Thin Films Deposited Chemically at Different pH Values. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 516, 20-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.11.054
[31]
Pathan, H.M., Desai, J.D. and Lokhande, C.D. (2002) Modified Chemical Deposition and Physico-Chemical Properties of Copper Sulphide (Cu2S) Thin Films. Applied Surface Science, 202, 47-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(02)00843-7
[32]
Srivastava, M., Ojha, A.K., Chaubey, S. and Materny, A. (2009) Synthesis and Optical Characterization of Nanocrystalline NiFe2O4 Structures. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 481, 515-519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.03.027
[33]
Tauc, J. (Ed.). (2012) Amorphous and Liquid Semiconductors. Springer Science & Business Media, Berlin.
[34]
Tauc, J., Grigorovici, R. and Vancu, A. (1966) Optical Properties and Electronic Structure of Amorphous Germanium. Physica Status Solidi (B), 15, 627-637.
https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.19660150224
[35]
Orhan, N. and Baykul, M.C. (2012) Characterization of Size-Controlled ZnO Nanorods Produced by Electrochemical Deposition Technique. Solid-State Electronics, 78, 147-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sse.2012.05.051
[36]
Kislov, N., Srinivasan, S.S., Emirov, Y. and Stefanakos, E.K. (2008) Optical Absorption Red and Blue Shifts in ZnFe2O4 Nanoparticles. Materials Science and Engineering: B, 153, 70-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2008.10.032
[37]
Kale, R.B. and Lokhande, C.D. (2004) Influence of Air Annealing on the Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties of Chemically Deposited CdSe Nano-Crystallites. Applied Surface Science, 223, 343-351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2003.09.022
