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Antibody-Like Phosphorylation Sites. Theme for Studies of Cancer, Aging and Evolution

DOI: 10.4236/cmb.2022.121004, PP. 58-83

Keywords: Ataxia-Telangiectasia-Mutated Kinase (ATM), Carcinogenesis, Complementarity Determining Region 1 (CDR1, Hypervariable Region 1), Conserved Domain(s), Deep Evolution, Evolution, Hypermutation, Kinase(s), Phosphorylation Site(s), Plant Immunity, Variable Immunoglobulin Domain(s) (IgV)

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Abstract:

Sequence similarities were found between protein and DNA sequences encoding certain part of conserved variable immunoglobulin domains (i.e. conserved IgV) and phosphorylation sites. Hypermutation motifs were then indicated in the majority of the corresponding non-IgV nucleotide sequences. According to database confirmations or double prediction of phosphorylation sites, 80% of the selected human and mouse IgV-related phosphorylation sites or their highly probable candidates exhibited substrate relationship to ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated kinase known as ATM. In accordance with literature data, inactivation of ATM by mutations can participate in the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, neurodegeneration and possibly also in aging. In agreement with this relationship, some of the selected IgV-/ATM-related segments formed molecules specifically involved in carcinogenesis. The selected IgV-related sequence segments were also similar to certain segments of higher plants containing immunoglobulin-like repeats and related regions. Bioinformatic analysis of some selected plant sequences then indicated the presence of catalytic domains composing serine/threonine/tyrosine receptor/receptor-like kinases, which are considered important structures for evolution of very early and part of later Ig-domain-related immunity. The analyzed conserved domain similarities also suggested certain interesting structural and phylogenic relationships, which need to be further investigated. This review in fact briefly summarizes the findings on the subject from the last twenty years.

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