|
|
视觉工作记忆存储的表征单位
|
Abstract:
视觉工作记忆被视为容量有限的储存系统，人们可以灵活处理其中表征以完成任务。有关视觉工作记忆容量的讨论首先要明确其表征单位，前人利用延迟匹配范式和回忆范式，研究不同维度特征和同一维度不同水平特征在视觉工作记忆中的储存形式，支持整体表征和特征表征的学者各执一词——基于客体的表征假设认为不同特征绑定在同一客体上，且相比记忆单特征对象，记忆相同数量的多特征对象并无额外代价；而基于特征的表征假设认为不同维度的特征独立储存，有各自的容量限制。此外，作为目标驱动的记忆系统，视觉工作记忆所受到的实验设计和任务要求的影响同样不可忽视。本文通过梳理前人对表征单位的争论，试图得到统一两种假设的理论解释。这有助于我们加深对视觉工作记忆容量的理解，并在探索相关问题时考虑到任务要求的影响，完善实验设计。
The visual working memory is a limited storage system in which people could flexibly process the representations to complete the task. Among studies on the capacity of visual working memory, the representation unit is a prior subject. Previous research employs the change-detection paradigm and the recall paradigm to explore the nature of representations when features of diverse dimensions and different-level features of the same dimension are stored in the visual working memory. These studies elicit two binary hypotheses: the object-based representation hypothesis backs that those diverse features are bound on the object and form a whole, while the feature-based representation hypothesis supports that independent feature representations have a specific capacity limitation on each dimension. Besides, as a target-drive memory system, the visual working memory receives an undeniable impact from the experiment process and the task demand. By comparing and concluding previous debates on the representation unit, we attempt to reach a united explanation of two hypotheses. This benefits our comprehension of the capacity of visual working memory. The exploration of relevant problems might consider the impact of task demand to improve the experimental design.
| [1] | 王静, 薛成波, 刘强(2018). 客体同维度特征的视觉工作记忆存储机制. 心理学报, 50(2), 176-185. |
| [2] | 薛成波, 叶超雄, 张引, 刘强(2015). 视觉工作记忆中特征绑定关系的记忆机制. 心理学报, 47(7), 851-858. |
| [3] | 叶超雄, 胡中华, 梁腾飞, 张加峰, 许茜如, 刘强(2020). 视觉工作记忆回溯线索效应的产生机制: 认知阶段分离. 心理学报, 52(4), 399-413. |
| [4] | Alvarez, G. A., & Cavanagh, P. (2004). The Capacity of Visual Short-Term Memory Is Set Both by Visual Information Load and by Number of Objects. Psychological Science, 15, 106-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.01502006.x |
| [5] | Arnicane, A., & Souza, A. S. (2021). Assessing the Robustness of Feature-Based Selection in Visual Working Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 47, 731-758.
https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000911 |
| [6] | Baddeley, A. (2012). Working Memory: Theories, Models, and Controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 1-29.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422 |
| [7] | Bays, P. M., Wu, E. Y., & Husain, M. (2011). Storage and Binding of Object Features in Visual Working Memory. Neuropsychologia, 49, 1622-1631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.12.023 |
| [8] | Brady, T. F., Konkle, T., & Alvarez, G. A. (2011). A Review of Visual Memory Capacity: Beyond Individual Items and toward Structured Representations. Journal of Vision, 11, 4. https://doi.org/10.1167/11.5.4 |
| [9] | Chen, S., Kocsis, A., Liesefeld, H. R., Müller, H. J., & Conci, M. (2021). Object-Based Grouping Benefits without Integrated Feature Representations in Visual Working Memory. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 83, 1357-1374.
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02153-5 |
| [10] | Chen, S., T？llner, T., Müller, H. J., & Conci, M. (2018). Object Maintenance beyond Their Visible Parts in Working Memory. Journal of Neurophysiology, 119, 347-355. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00469.2017 |
| [11] | Cowan, N. (2001). The Magical Number 4 in Short-Term Memory: A Reconsideration of Mental Storage Capacity. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 24, 87-114. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01003922 |
| [12] | Davis, G., & Holmes, A. (2005). The Capacity of Visual Short-Term Memory Is Not a Fixed Number of Objects. Memory & Cognition, 33, 185-195. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195307 |
| [13] | Drew, T., & Vogel, E. K. (2009). Working Memory: Capacity Limitations. In L. R. Squire (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (Vol. 10, pp. 523-531). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-008045046-9.00428-9 |
| [14] | Droll, J. A., Hayhoe, M. M., Triesch, J., & Sullivan, B. T. (2005). Task Demands Control Acquisition and Storage of Visual Information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 31, 1416-1438.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.31.6.1416 |
| [15] | Fougnie, D., Asplund, C. L., & Marois, R. (2010). What Are the Units of Storage in Visual Working Memory. Journal of Vision, 10, 27-27. https://doi.org/10.1167/10.12.27 |
| [16] | Fougnie, D., Cormiea, S. M., & Alvarez, G. A. (2013). Object-Based Benefits without Object-Based Representations. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 621-626. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030300 |
| [17] | Fukuda, K., Vogel, E., Mayr, U., & Awh, E. (2010). Quantity, Not Quality: The Relationship between Fluid Intelligence and Working Memory Capacity. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 17, 673-679. https://doi.org/10.3758/17.5.673 |
| [18] | Gao, T., Gao, Z., Li, J., Sun, Z., & Shen, M. (2011). The Perceptual Root of Object-Based Storage: An Interactive Model of Perception and Visual Working Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37, 1803-1823. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025637 |
| [19] | Geigerman, S., Verhaeghen, P., & Cerella, J. (2016). To Bind or Not to Bind, That’s the Wrong Question: Features and Objects Coexist in Visual Short-Term Memory. Acta Psychologica, 167, 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.04.004 |
| [20] | Hardman, K. O., & Cowan, N. (2015). Remembering Complex Objects in Visual Working Memory: Do Capacity Limits Restrict Objects or Features? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41, 325-347.
https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000031 |
| [21] | Hollingworth, A., & Rasmussen, I. P. (2010). Binding Objects to Locations: The Relationship between Object Files and Visual Working Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36, 543-564.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017836 |
| [22] | Kaiser, D., Stein, T., & Peelen, M. V. (2015). Real-World Spatial Regularities Affect Visual Working Memory for Objects. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22, 1784-1790. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0833-4 |
| [23] | Kim, S.-H., & Kim, J.-O. (2011). The Benefit of Surface Uniformity for Encoding Boundary Features in Visual Working Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37, 1767-1783.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025639 |
| [24] | Lee, D., & Chun, M. M. (2001). What Are the Units of Visual Short-Term Memory, Objects or Spatial Locations? Perception & Psychophysics, 63, 253-257. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194466 |
| [25] | Luck, S. J., & Vogel, E. K. (1997). The Capacity of Visual Working Memory for Features and Conjunctions. Nature, 390, 279-281. https://doi.org/10.1038/36846 |
| [26] | Luck, S. J., & Vogel, E. K. (2013). Visual Working Memory Capacity: From Psychophysics and Neurobiology to Individual Differences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17, 391-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.06.006 |
| [27] | Luria, R., & Vogel, E. K. (2011). Shape and Color Conjunction Stimuli Are Represented as Bound Objects in Visual Working Memory. Neuropsychologia, 49, 1632-1639. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.11.031 |
| [28] | Luria, R., & Vogel, E. K. (2014). Come Together, Right Now: Dynamic Overwriting of an Object’s History through Common Fate. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 26, 1819-1828. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00584 |
| [29] | Luria, R., Sessa, P., Gotler, A., Jolic？ur, P., & Dell’Acqua, R. (2010). Visual Short-Term Memory Capacity for Simple and Complex Objects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 496-512. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21214 |
| [30] | Markov, Y. A., Tiurina, N. A., & Utochkin, I. S. (2019). Different Features Are Stored Independently in Visual Working Memory but Mediated by Object-Based Representations. Acta Psychologica, 197, 52-63.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.05.003 |
| [31] | Markov, Y. A., Utochkin, I. S., & Brady, T. F. (2021). Real-World Objects Are Not Stored in Holistic Representations in Visual Working Memory. Journal of Vision, 21, 18. https://doi.org/10.1167/jov.21.3.18 |
| [32] | Marshall, L., & Bays, P. M. (2013). Obligatory Encoding of Task-Irrelevant Features Depletes Working Memory Resources. Journal of Vision, 13, 21-21. https://doi.org/10.1167/13.2.21 |
| [33] | McCants, C. W., Katus, T., & Eimer, M. (2020). Task Goals Modulate the Activation of Part-Based versus Object-Based Representations in Visual Working Memory. Cognitive Neuroscience, 11, 92-100.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17588928.2019.1642864 |
| [34] | Miller, E. K., Lundqvist, M., & Bastos, A. M. (2018). Working Memory 2.0. Neuron, 100, 463-475.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.09.023 |
| [35] | Olson, I. R., & Jiang, Y. (2002). Is Visual Short-Term Memory Object Based? Rejection of the “Strong-Object” Hypothesis. Perception & Psychophysics, 64, 1055-1067. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194756 |
| [36] | Park, Y. E., Sy, J. L., Hong, S. W., & Tong, F. (2017). Reprioritization of Features of Multidimensional Objects Stored in Visual Working Memory. Psychological Science, 28, 1773-1785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617719949 |
| [37] | Quinlan, P. T., & Cohen, D. J. (2011). Object-Based Representations Govern Both the Storage of Information in Visual Short-Term Memory and the Retrieval of Information from It. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 18, 316-323.
https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-011-0064-2 |
| [38] | Shen, M., Chen, J., Yang, X., Dong, H., Chen, H., & Zhou, J. (2021). The Storage Mechanism of Dynamic Relations in Visual Working Memory. Cognition, 209, Article ID: 104571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104571 |
| [39] | Sone, H., Kang, M.-S., Li, A. Y., Tsubomi, H., & Fukuda, K. (2021). Simultaneous Estimation Procedure Reveals the Object-Based, but Not Space-Based, Dependence of Visual Working Memory Representations. Cognition, 209, Article ID: 104579. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104579 |
| [40] | Vergauwe, E., & Cowan, N. (2015). Working Memory Units Are All in Your Head: Factors That Influence Whether Features or Objects Are the Favored Units. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41, 1404-1416. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000108 |
| [41] | Vogel, E. K., McCollough, A. W., & Machizawa, M. G. (2005). Neural Measures Reveal Individual Differences in Controlling Access to Working Memory. Nature, 438, 500-503. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04171 |
| [42] | Vogel, E. K., Woodman, G. F., & Luck, S. J. (2001). Storage of Features, Conjunctions and Objects in Visual Working Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 27, 92-114.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.27.1.92 |
| [43] | Wang, B., Cao, X., Theeuwes, J., Olivers, C. N. L., & Wang, Z. (2017). Separate Capacities for Storing Different Features in Visual Working Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43, 226-236.
https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000295 |
| [44] | Wheeler, M. E., & Treisman, A. M. (2002). Binding in Short-Term Visual Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 131, 48-64. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.131.1.48 |
| [45] | Wood, J. N. (2011a). When Do Spatial and Visual Working Memory Interact? Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 73, 420-439. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13414-010-0048-8 |
| [46] | Wood, J. N. (2011b). A Core Knowledge Architecture of Visual Working Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 37, 357-381. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021935 |
| [47] | Xu, Y. (2002a). Encoding Color and Shape from Different Parts of an Object in Visual Short-Term Memory. Perception & Psychophysics, 64, 1260-1280. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03194770 |
| [48] | Xu, Y. (2002b). Limitations of Object-Based Feature Encoding in Visual Short-Term Memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 28, 458-468. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.28.2.458 |
| [49] | Ye, C., Hu, Z., Ristaniemi, T., Gendron, M., & Liu, Q. (2016). Retro-Dimension-Cue Benefit in Visual Working Memory. Scientific Reports, 6, Article No. 35573. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35573 |
| [50] | Ye, C., Xu, Q., Liu, X., Astikainen, P., Zhu, Y., Hu, Z., & Liu, Q. (2021). Individual Differences in Working Memory Capacity Are Unrelated to the Magnitudes of Retrocue Benefits. Scientific Reports, 11, Article No. 7258.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-86515-5 |
