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文与武，谁的影响力大？——社会地位的支配–声望理论研究
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Abstract:
社会地位指一个人或群体在等级体系中的相对社会影响大小，追求高社会地位是许多人拼搏奋斗的动力。基于武力或胁迫的支配策略和基于知识或技能的声望策略是人类进化出来的两种截然不同但可行性高的社会地位获取策略。本文首次系统梳理支配–声望策略在概念界定、测量与操控方法、外部表现形式(体型、面部、姿态和语音语调特征)等方面的区别，分析造成个体获取或提升社会地位时选择支配策略还是声望策略的影响因素(生理、个体和情景因素)，以及目前这两种策略与个体人格特质的关系，对个体“知情行”(如注意模式、自豪与谦虚情绪、领导风格、侵犯与炫耀性消费行为等)的影响。未来研究应重点着手探讨支配–声望在时间背景下的动态性、潜在性别差异、低地位个体的从属心理、对个体认知过程的影响、神经机制以及文化差异等方面的问题。
Social status can be defined as the social influence of a person or group in the hierarchy. The pursuit of high social status is the motivation of many people’s striving to achieve more. The evolved dominance strategy which is based on intimidation and coercion, and the prestige strategy which is based on skills, success, or knowledge, are distinct yet viable avenues to social status attainment in human societies. The current paper systematically reviewed the differences between the dominance and prestige strategies, including the definition, measurements and controlling methods, external performance (e.g., features of the body, face, posture, and tones), and analyzed the influencing factors that caused individuals to choose dominance or prestige when promoting social status (e.g., physiological, individual, and contextual factors), also inspected the relationship with the personalities and the effects on one’s cognition, emotion and behaviors (e.g., attention, pride and humility, leadership, aggressive and conspicuous consumption behaviors). Future studies should focus on investigating the interplay mechanism and the gender differences between dominance and prestige, inquiring the followership psychological mechanism of low-status individuals, as well as exploring the cognitive and neural mechanism and the cultural difference.
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