In this study, an integrated approach for runoff estimation using the storm water management model (SWMM) was applied to undertake a stormwater and sewerage modelling in urban setting. The main objectives of the research and this manuscript include overload detection of sewer systems during extreme rainfall events with SWMM and to model and predict the relationship between precipitation parameters and overflooding of sewer collection system that includes emergency ponds to relieve flow from pump stations. The study takes into account monitored concurrent extreme rainfall event data and peak wet weather flows observed at outfall of collection system entering a wastewater treatment plant draining the urban centre. In the study SWMM was modified and adapted for the Tati and Ntshe confluence rivers draining the urban centre of Francistown in Northern Botswana. Landuse, soil, geological, drainage and sewerage network and imperviousness data sets were acquired and developed in GIS database. The runoff coefficient is found to range between 0.12 and 0.24 in the studied catchments. The calibrated model was able to predict the observed outputs with reasonable accuracy for calibration datasets of two peak flood events of 2016-Jan 12 and 2017-Feb 16 and verification flood events of 2016-Feb 05 and 2017-Feb 26. For six watersheds that drain the study area considered with a seventh entire collection system catchment area, we have evaluated the model performance using different criteria. We have found that correlation coefficients range from 0.539 to 0.813 and NSE ranges from 40.9% to 89.0%, and RSR ranges from 0.330 to 0.812 for the calibration datasets. Whereas, for the verification dataset, the correlation coefficients range from 0.539 to 0.813 and NSE values range from 40.9% to 89.0%, and RSR values range from 0.330 to 0.812. Using the criteria adopted, the SWMM-simulated runoff values are in acceptable agreement with the observed hydrographs.
References
[1]
Zhang, C., Wang, Y. and Ding, W. (2017) Vulnerability Analysis of Urban Drainage Systems: Tree vs. Loop Networks. Journal of Sustainability, 9, Article No. 397. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9030397
[2]
Dietz, M.E. (2007) Low Impact Development Practices: A Review of Current Research and Recommendations for Future Directions. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 186, 351-363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9484-z
[3]
Alemaw, B.F., Chaoka, T. and Tafesse, N. (2020) Modelling of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) for Urban Water Management—Investment and Outscaling Implications at Basin and Regional Levels. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 12, 853-883. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2020.1210050
[4]
Yazdanfar, Z. and Sharma, A.K. (2015) Urban Drainage System Planning and Design-Challenges with Climate Change and Urbanization: A Review. Water Science and Technology, 72, 165-179. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2015.207
[5]
Beeneken, T., Erbe, V., Messmer, A., Reder, C., Rohlfing, R., Scheer, M., Schuetze, M., Schumacher, B., Weilandt, M. and Weyand, M. (2013) Real Time Control (RTC) of Urban Drainage Systems—A Discussion of the Additional Efforts Compared to Conventionally Operated Systems. Urban Water Journal, 10, 293-299. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2013.790980
[6]
Willems, P., Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K., Olsson, J. and Nguyen, V.T.V. (2012) Climate Change Impact Assessment on Urban Rainfall Extremes and Urban Drainage: Methods and Shortcomings. Atmospheric Research, 103, 106-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.04.003
[7]
Shafique, M. and Kim, R. (2017) Retrofitting the Low Impact Development Practices into Developed Urban Areas Including Barriers and Potential Solution. Open Geosciences, 9, 240-254. https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2017-0020
[8]
André, L.L.S. (2016) Cumulative Equations for Continuous Time Chicago Hyetograph Method. Brazilian Journal of Water Resources, 21, 646-651. https://doi.org/10.1590/2318-0331.011615094
[9]
Moriasi, D.N., Arnold, J.G., Van Liew, M.W., Bingner, R.L., Harmel, R.D. and Veith, T.L. (2007) Model Evaluation Guidelines for Systematic Quantification of Accuracy in Watershed Simulations. Transactions of the ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers), 50, 885-900. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23153
[10]
Zaghloul, N.A. (1983) Discussion of “SWMM Model and Level of Discretization” by Nabil A. Zaghloul (November, 1981). Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 109, 1773-1776. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1983)109:12(1773)
[11]
Williams, K.K. (1980) Calibration of Federal Agency Storm Water Runoff Quantity Models for Oklahoma City. Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, University of Oklahoma. Proceedings of Oklahoma Academy of Sciences, 60, 75-81.
[12]
Patil, V.S., Patil, N.S., Vijaykumar, H. and Nanjundi, P. (2015) Design of Drainage Network Using SWMM for VTU Campus Belagavi. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 10, 1485-1491.
[13]
Cambez, M.J., Pinho, J. and David, L.M. (2008) Using SWMM 5 in the Continuous Modelling of Stormwater Hydraulics and Quality. 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, 31 August-5 September 2008, 1-10.
[14]
Elliott, A.H. and Trowsdale, S.A. (2007) A Review of Models for Low Impact Urban Stormwater Drainage. Environmental Modelling Software, 22, 394-405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2005.12.005
[15]
Nasrin, T., Sharma, A.K. and Muttil, N. (2017) Impact of Short Duration Intense Rainfall Events on Sanitary Sewer Network Performance. Water, 9, Article No. 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030225
[16]
Zhang, Z. (2007) Estimating Rain Derived Inflow and infiltration for Rainfalls of Varying Characteristics. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 133, 98-105. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:1(98)
[17]
Yilmaz, A.G. and Perera, B.J.C. (2014) Extreme Rainfall Nonstationarity Investigation and Intensity-Frequency-Duration Relationship. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 19, 1160-1172. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000878
[18]
Alemaw, B.F. and Sebusang, N.M. (2019) Climate Change and Adaptation-Induced Engineering Design and Innovations in Water Development Projects in Africa. African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development, 11, 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2017.1355601
[19]
Zhou, Q. (2014) A Review of Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems Considering the Climate Change and Urbanization Impacts. Water, 6, 976-992. https://doi.org/10.3390/w6040976
[20]
Blecken, G.T., Hunt, W.F., Al-Rubaei, A.M., Viklander, M. and Lord, W.G. (2015) Stormwater Control Measure (SCM) Maintenance Considerations to Ensure Designed Functionality. Urban Water Journal, 14, 278-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2015.1111913
[21]
Fryd, O., Dam, T. and Jensen, M.B. (2012) A Planning Framework for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems. Water Policy, 14, 865-886. https://doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.025
[22]
Astaraie-Imani, M., Kapelan, Z., Fu, G. and Butler, D. (2012) Assessing the Combined Effects of Urbanisation and Climate Change on the River Water Quality in an Integrated Urban Wastewater System in the UK. Journal of Environmental Management, 112, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.039
[23]
Piyumi, M.M.M., Abenayake, C., Jayasinghe, A. and Wijegunarathna, E. (2021) Urban Flood Modeling Application: Assess the Effectiveness of Building Regulation in Coping with Urban Flooding Under Precipitation Uncertainty. Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, Article ID: 103294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103294
[24]
Arnbjerg-Nielsen, K. and Fleischer, H.S. (2009) Feasible Adaptation Strategies for Increased Risk of Flooding in Cities Due to Climate Change. Water Science and Technology, 60, 273-281. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.298
[25]
Nie, L., Lindholm, O., Lindholm, G. and Syversen, E. (2009) Impacts of Climate Change on Urban Drainage Systems—A Case Study in Fredrikstad, Norway. Urban Water Journal, 6, 323-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/15730620802600924
[26]
Bisht, D.S., Chatterjee, C., Kalakoti, S., Upadhyay, P., Sahoo, M. and Panda, A. (2016) Modeling Urban Floods and Drainage Using SWMM and MIKE URBAN: A Case Study. Natural Hazards, 84, 749-776. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2455-1
[27]
Barco, J., Wong, K.M. and Stenstrom, M.K. (2008) Automatic Calibration of the U.S. EPA SWMM Model for a Large Urban Catchment. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 134, 466-474. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2008)134:4(466)
[28]
Choi, K.-S. and Ball, J.E. (2002) Parameter Estimation for Urban Runoff Modelling. Urban Water, 4, 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1462-0758(01)00072-3
[29]
Leutnant, D., Doring, A. and Uhl, M (2019) Swmmr—An R Package to Interface SWMM. Urban Water Journal, 16, 68-76. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2019.1611889
[30]
Alemaw, B.F. and Chaoka, T.R. (2016) Regionalization of Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Curves in Botswana. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 8, 1128-1144. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2016.812088
[31]
Richards, L.A. (1931) Capillary Conduction of Liquids through Porous Mediums. Physics, 1, 318-333. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1745010
[32]
Nash, J.E. and Sutcliffe, J.V. (1970) River Flow Forecasting through Conceptual Models Part I—A Discussion of Principles. Journal of Hydrology, 10, 282-290. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(70)90255-6
[33]
Chow, V.T. (1959) Open Channel Hydraulics. MrGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
[34]
Yen, B.C. (1992) Channel Flow Resistance: Centennial of Manning’s Formula Water Resources Publications, LLC., Colorado, 460.
[35]
Pawlowski, C.W., Rhea, L, Shuster, W.D. and Barden, G. (2013) Some Factors Affecting Inflow and Infiltration from Residential Sources in a Core Urban Area: Case Study in a Columbus, Ohio, Neighborhood. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 140, 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0000799
[36]
Cheng, M.S., Coffman, L., Riverson, J., Shen, J., Ouyang, J., Lahlou, M. and Shoemaker, L. (2002) Low-Impact Development Management Practices Evaluation Computer Module. Journal of WEFTEC, 2002, 1522-1534.
[37]
Yu, K.J. and Li, D.H. (2015) Sponge City Theory and Practice. Journal of CCPR, 39, 26-36
[38]
David, R.M., Magnus, M., Stephen, C. and David, J.B. (2013) Towards Sustainable Urban Water Management: A Critical Reassessment. Water Resources, 47, 7150-7161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.07.046
[39]
Wong, T.H.F. (2006) Water Sensitive Urban Design—The Journey Thus Far. Australasian Journal of Water Resources, 10, 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1080/13241583.2006.11465296
[40]
Davis, M.K. and Naumann, S. (2017) Chapter 8. Making the Case for Sustainable Urban Drainage Systems as a Nature-Based Solution to Urban Flooding. In: Kabisch, N., Korn, H., Stadler, J. and Bonn, A., Eds., Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas, Theory and Practice of Urban Sustainability Transitions, Springer, Cham, 123-137. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5_8
[41]
Nordeidet, B., Nordeide, T., AstebΦl, S.O. and Hvitved, J.T. (2004) Prioritising and Planning of Urban Stormwater Treatment in the Alna Watercourse in Oslo. Science of the Total Environment, 334-335, 231-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.04.040
[42]
Drapeau, C., Delolme, C., Chatain, V., Gautier, M., Blanc, D., Benzaazoua, M. and Lassabatère, L. (2017) Spatial and Temporal Stability of Major and Trace Element Leaching in Urban Stormwater Sediments. Open Journal of Soil Science, 7, 347-365. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojss.2017.711025
