In the
management of UNESCO cultural sites of significant environmental importance,
the erroneous assumption that the environment is independent of biological
heritage often prevails. The mapping of phylogenetic resources in the ancient city Matera-Sassi
(MS) and the multivariable analysis at the level of ecotope and habitat have
made it possible to identify the consistency of the plant genetic heritage and
the biogenetic associations between the different ecotopes through the species
they host. The bioclimatic variables and geomorphology of MS define an
ecological niche refuge for rare or absent species in the surrounding landscape
(e.g., Campanulaversicolor L., Centranthusruber (L.) Dc., Capparisspinosa L., Cymbalariamuralis Hill, Crepis spp., Lavatheraarborea L.) The total floristic capital in MS amounts to 190 species belonging to 59
different botanical families; 80% are native species and only 4% are invasive.
About half are Mediterranean with a moderate presence (17%) of cosmopolitan and
sub-cosmopolitan; 5% are endemic species. Autogenic ecotopes (Type I)
represented by “Pleistocene limestone” and “House wall” contribute to the
variation of total biodiversity through Endemic species mainly Chamephytes; anthropogenic
ecotopes (Type III) such as “Garden” and “Town boundary” with Archaeophytes and
exotic Neophytes mainly Phanerophytes; while “Humid margins” and mixed ecotopes (Type II) are linked to feral species and mainly
to hemi-cryptophytes and therophytes. Minimum spanning
References
[1]
Lewontin, R.C. (2002) Gene, organismo e ambiente. Laterza, Bari, 1-108.
[2]
Martin, L.J., Quinn, J., Ellis, E.C., Shaw, M.R., Dorning, M.A., Hallett, L.M., et al. (2014) Conservation Opportunities across the World’s Anthromes. Biodiversity Review, 20, 745-755. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12220
[3]
Von Humboldt, A. (1808) Ansichten der Natur. Quadri della Natura, Codice Edizioni, Torino 2018.
[4]
Darwin, C. (1845) The Voyage of the Beagle. The Collier Press, New York, 1-545.
https://Archive.org
[5]
Darwin, C. (1859) On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. 1st Edition. Italian Translation by G. Pancaldi (L’origine delle Specie). BUR, Rizzoli, 2009, 1-566.
[6]
Bardsley, D. and Edwards-Jones, G. (2006) Stakeholders’ Perceptions of the Impacts of Invasive Exotic Plant Species in the Mediterranean Region. GeoJourna, 65, 199-210. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-005-2755-6
[7]
Viggiani, P. and Angelini, R. (2002) Dicotiledoni spontanee e infestanti. Bayer, Milan, 1-533.
[8]
Viggiani, P. and Angelini, R (2002) Erbe spontanee e infestanti: Tecniche di riconoscimento, graminacee. Bayer, Milan, 1-352.
[9]
D’Amato, G., Cecchi, L., Bonin, S., Nunes, C., Annesi-Maesano, I., Behrendt, H., Liccardi, G., Popov, T. and van Cauwenberge, P. (2007) Allergenic Pollen and Pollen Allergy in Europe. Allergy, 62, 976-990.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2007.01393.x
[10]
World Heritage Center (WHC1) (2019) The UNESCO Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape. World Heritage Center, Paris, 1-27.
https://whc.unesco.org/en/hul
[11]
World Heritage Center (WHC2) (2019) Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention. World Heritage Center, Paris, 1-197.
https://whc.unesco.org/en/guidelines/
[12]
ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites) (1993) Advisory Body Evaluation. Unesco Decision N. 670. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/670/documents/
[13]
Sereni, E. (1961) Storia del paesaggio agrario. Laterza, Bari, 1-500.
[14]
Pikett, C.H. and Bugg, R.L. (1998) Enhancing Biological Control: Habitat Management to Promote Natural Enemies. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1-405.
[15]
Yuan, L., Shin, K. and Managi, S. (2018) Subjective Well-Being and Environmental Quality: The Impact of Air Pollution and Green Coverage in China. Ecological economics, 153, 124-138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.033
[16]
De Natale, A. and La Valva, V. (2000) La flora di Napoli: I quartieri della città. Webbia, 54, 271-373. https://doi.org/10.1080/00837792.2000.10670681
[17]
Kantsa, A., Tscheulin, T., Junker, R.R., Petanidou, T. and Kokkini, S. (2013) Urban Biodiversity Hotspots Wait to Get Discovered: The Example of the City of Ioannina, NW Greece. Landscape and Urban Planning, 120, 129-137.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.08.013
[18]
Giura Longo, R. (1970) Sassi e secoli. Galleria Studio, Cifarelli, Matera, 1-120.
[19]
Levi, C. (1945) Christ Stopped at Eboli. Einaudi, Torino, 1-250.
[20]
Valente, M. (2007) Evoluzione socio-economica dei Sassi di Matera nel XX secolo. Consiglio Regionale della Basilicata, 1-146.
[21]
Laureano, P. (2012) Giardini di pietra. I Sassi di Matera e la civiltà mediterranea. Bollati Boringhieri, Torino, 1-207.
[22]
Rivas-Martinez, S. (1996) Bioclimatic Map of Europe. In: Rivas-Martinez, S., Ed., Geobotanica y climatologia, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 25-98.
[23]
Emberger, L. (1930) La végétation de la région méditerranéenne: Essai d’une classification des groupements végétaux Revue Générale de Botanique, 42, 641-662+705-721.
[24]
De Martonne, E. (1926) Une nouvelle function climatologique: L’indice d’aridité [A New Climatological Function: The Aridity Index]. La Meteorologie, 2, 449-458.
[25]
Tansley, A.G. (1946) Introduction to Plant Ecology. London George Allen & Unwin Ltd., London. https://www.archive.org
[26]
Pignatti, S. (2003) Flora d’Italia, 1-3. Edagricole, Bologna.
[27]
Hammer, Ø. and Harper, D.A.T. (2006) Paleontological Data Analysis. Blackwell, Oxford. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470750711
[28]
Legendre, P. and Legendre, L. (1998) Numerical Ecology, 2nd English Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1-853.
[29]
Hill, M.O. and Gauch, H.G. (1980) Detrended Correspondence Analysis: An Improved Ordination Technique. Vegetation, 42, 47-58.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00048870
[30]
Oxanen, J. and Minchin, P.R. (1997) Instability of Ordination Results under Changes in Input Data Order: Explanations and Remedies. Journal of Vegetation Science, 8, 447-454. https://doi.org/10.2307/3237336
[31]
Frankel, O.H., Brown, A.H.D. and Burdon, J.J. (1995) The Conservation in Situ of Useful or Endangered wild Species. In: Frankel, B. and Burdon, Eds., The Conservation of Plant Biodiversity, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 148-175.
[32]
Cantore, V., Iovino, F. and Pontecorvo, G. (1987) Climatic Traits and Phytoclimatic Belts of Basilicata. National Research Council, Istituto di Ecologia e Idrologia Forestale, 2, 1-34.
[33]
Brasioli, T. (2017) I Piani di Gestione italiani dei siti Unesco: Quadro sinottico. In: MiBACT, Rapporto sullo stato delle politiche per il paesaggio, Ministero dei Beni e delle Attività Culturali e del Turismo & Osservatorio Nazionale per la qualità del paesaggio, Rome, 329-333.
[34]
Tansley, A.G. (1939) The British Isles and Their Vegetation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1-494.
