The effects of O2 plasma treatment on the adsorption capacity of activated carbon (AC) were investigated by varying the plasma treatment times. The surface properties of the AC were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Zeta potential. The carbon was then applied to remove methylene blue (MB). The adsorption kinetics and isotherm were also studied. Results showed that pseudo-second-order kinetics was the most suitable model for describing the adsorption of MB onto AC. Equilibrium data were well fitted to the Freundlich isotherm model. The highest adsorption capacity resulted from 4 minutes of O2 plasma treatment. The 4-minute plasma treated AC had the best adsorption capacity for MB at 0.467 mg/mg. This work shows that activation of AC by plasma can open the micropore and increase the effectiveness of chemical removal.
References
[1]
Behazin, E., Ogunsona, E., Rodriguez-Uribe, A., Mohanty, A.K., Misra, M. and Anyia, A.O. (2015) Mechanical, Chemical, and Physical Properties of Wood and Perennial Grass Biochars for Possible Composite Application. BioResources, 11, 1334-1348. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.11.1.1334-1348
[2]
Melo, L.C.A., Coscione, A.R., Abreu, C.A., Puga, A.P. and Camargo, O.A. (2013) Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature on Cadmium and Zinc Sorption Capacity of Sugar Cane Straw-Derived Biochar. BioResources, 8, 4992-5004. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.8.4.4992-5004
[3]
De Figueredo, N.A., et al. (2017) Characterization of Biochars from Different Sources and Evaluation of Release of Nutrients and Contaminants. Revista Ciência Agron?mica, 48, 395-403. https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20170046
[4]
Cantrell, K.B., Hunt, P.G., Uchimiya, M., Novak, J.M. and Ro, K.S. (2012) Impact of Pyrolysis Temperature and Manure Source on Physicochemical Characteristics of Biochar. Bioresource Technology, 107, 419-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.084
[5]
Green, D.W. and Perry, R.H. (2008) Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook. 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill Education, New York.
[6]
Wimalawansa, S.J. (2021) Purification of Contaminated Water with Reverse Osmosis: Effective Solution of Providing Clean Water for Human Needs in Developing Countries. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3, 75-89.
[7]
Angin, D., Altintig, E. and Kose, T.E. (2013) Influence of Process Parameters on the Surface and Chemical Properties of Activated Carbon Obtained from Biochar by Chemical Activation. Bioresource Technology, 148, 542-549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.164
[8]
Hao, F., et al. (2013) Molecular Structure of Corncob-Derived Biochars and the Mechanism of Atrazine Sorption. Agronomy Journal, 105, 773-782. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2012.0311
[9]
Liu, Q.S., Zheng, T., Wang, P. and Guo, L. (2010) Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Bamboo by Microwave-Induced Phosphoric Acid Activation. Industrial Crops and Products, 31, 233-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.10.011
[10]
Konno, K., et al. (2017) Short-Time Preparation of NaOH-Activated Carbon from Sugar Cane Bagasse Using Microwave Plasma Heating. Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 7, 259-269. https://doi.org/10.4236/gsc.2017.74020
[11]
Somani, P.R. and Umeno, M. (2007) Importance of Transmission Electron Microscopy for Carbon Nanomaterials Research. In: Méndez-Vilas, A. and Díaz, J., Eds., Modern Research and Educational Topics in Microscopy, FORMATEX, 634-642. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Masayoshi_Umeno/publication/228758446_Importance_of_Transmission_Electron_Microscopy_for_Carbon_Nanomaterials_Research/links/0c96053bb5dc9d2fb9000000/Importance-of-Transmission-Electron-Microscopy-for-Carbon-Nanomaterials-Research.pdf
[12]
Jurkiewicz, K., Pawlyta, M. and Burian, A. (2018) Structure of Carbon Materials Explored by Local Transmission Electron Microscopy and Global Powder Diffraction Probes. Journal of Carbon Research, 4, Article No. 68. https://doi.org/10.3390/c4040068
[13]
Moulder, J.F., Stickle, W.F., Sobol, P.E., Bomben, K.D. and Chastain, J. (1995) Handbook of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: A Reference Book of Standard Spectra for Identification and Interpretation of XPS Data. Physical Electronics, Chanhassen.
[14]
Terzyk, A.P. (2001) The Influence of Activated Carbon Surface Chemical Composition on the Adsorption of Acetaminophen (Paracetamol) in Vitro. Part II. TG, FTIR, and XPS Analysis of Carbons and the Temperature Dependence of Adsorption Kinetics at the Neutral pH. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 177, 23-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-7757(00)00594-X
[15]
Ryu, Z., Rong, H., Zheng, J., Wang, M. and Zhang, B. (2002) Microstructure and Chemical Analysis of PAN-Based Activated Carbon Fibers Prepared by Different Activation Methods. Carbon, 40, 1144-1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(02)00105-7
[16]
Liu, L., Fan, S. and Li, Y. (2018) Removal Behavior of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Tea Waste: Kinetics, Isotherms and Mechanism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, Article No. 1321. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071321
[17]
Armelao, L., et al. (2003) Introduction to XPS Studies of Metal and Metal-Oxide Nanosystems. Surface Science Spectra, 10, 137-142. https://doi.org/10.1116/11.20050199
[18]
Jones, T.E., Rocha, T.C.R., Knop-Gericke, A., Stampfl, C., Schlogl, R. and Piccinin, S. (2015) Insights into the Electronic Structure of the Oxygen Species Active in Alkene Epoxidation on Silver. ACS Catalysis, 5, 5846-5850. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.5b01543
[19]
Lennon, D., Lundie, D.T., Jackson, S.D., Kelly, G.J. and Parker, S.F. (2002) Characterization of Activated Carbon Using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Inelastic Neutron Scattering Spectroscopy. Langmuir, 18, 4667-4673. https://doi.org/10.1021/la011324j
[20]
Li, Y., et al. (2013) Comparative Study of Methylene Blue Dye Adsorption onto Activated Carbon, Graphene Oxide, and Carbon Nanotubes. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, 91, 361-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2012.07.007
[21]
Kumar, A. and Dixit, C.K. (2017) 3-Methods for Characterization of Nanoparticles. In: Nimesh, S., Chandra, R. and Gupta, N., Eds., Advances in Nanomedicine for the Delivery of Therapeutic Nucleic Acids, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, 43-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100557-6.00003-1
[22]
Nasuha, N., Hameed, B.H. and Din, A.T.M. (2010) Rejected Tea as a Potential Low-Cost Adsorbent for the Removal of Methylene Blue. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 175, 126-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.138
[23]
Fan, S., et al. (2016) Biochar Prepared from Co-Pyrolysis of Municipal Sewage Sludge and Tea Waste for the Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions: Kinetics, Isotherm, Thermodynamic and Mechanism. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 220, 432-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2016.04.107
[24]
Chen, L., Ramadan, A., Lü, L., Shao, W., Luo, F. and Chen, J. (2011) Biosorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution Using Lawny Grass Modified with Citric Acid. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 56, 3392-3399. https://doi.org/10.1021/je200366n
