In this work, an efficient way of converting the
water hyacinth to biocrude oil using
magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) as potential catalysts was demonstrated
for the first time. MNPs were synthesised by co-precipitation and used in the
hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of water hyacinth at different reaction conditions
(temperature, reaction time, MNPs to biomass ratio and biomass to water ratio).
The best reaction conditions were as follows: temperature—320, reaction time—60 minutes, MNPs to biomass ratio – 0.2 g/g and
biomass to water ratio – 0.06 g/g. HTL in
presence of MNPs gave higher biocrude yields compared to HTL in absence
of MNPs. The highest biocrude yield was 58.3 wt% compared to 52.3 wt% in
absence of MNPs at similar reaction conditions. The composition of biocrude oil
was analysed using GC-MS and elemental analysis. GC-MS results revealed that
HTL in presence of MNPs led to an increase in the percentage area corresponding
to hydrocarbons and a reduction in the percentage area corresponding to oxygenated
compounds, nitrogenated compounds and sulphur compounds. Elemental analysis
revealed an increase in the hydrogen and carbon content and a reduction in the
nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur content of the biocrude when HTL was done in
presence of MNPs compared to HTL in absence of MNPs. The nanoparticles were
recovered from the biochar by sonication and magnetic separation and recycled.
The recycled MNPs were still efficient as HTL catalysts and were recycledfive times. The application of MNPs in the HTL of
water hyacinth increases the yield of biocrude oil, improves the quality of
biocrude through removal of hetero atoms, oxygen and sulphur compounds and is a
potentially economical alternative to the traditional petroleum catalysts since
MNPs are
Solomon, S., Manning, M., Marquis, M. and Qin, D. (2007) Climate Change 2007— The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC. Vol. 4, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
[3]
Patel, B., Tamburic, B., Zemichael, F.W., Dechatiwongse, P. and Hellgardt, K. (2012) Algal Biofuels: A Credible Prospective? International Scholarly Research Notices, 2012, Article ID: 631574. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/631574
[4]
Duan, P. and Savage, P.E. (2011) Catalytic Hydrotreatment of Crude Algal Bio-Oil in Supercritical Water. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 104, 136-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.02.020
[5]
Chisti, Y. (2008) Biodiesel from Microalgae Beats Bioethanol. Trends in Biotechnology, 26, 126-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.12.002
[6]
Safarik, I., Prochazkova, G., Pospiskova, K. and Branyik, T. (2016) Magnetically Modified Microalgae and Their Applications. Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, 36, 931-941. https://doi.org/10.3109/07388551.2015.1064085
[7]
Peterson, A.A., Vogel, F., Lachance, R.P., Fröling, M., Antal Jr., M.J. and Tester, J.W. (2008) Thermochemical Biofuel Production in Hydrothermal Media: A Review of Sub-and Supercritical Water Technologies. Energy & Environmental Science, 1, 32-65. https://doi.org/10.1039/b810100k
[8]
Zou, S., Wu, Y., Yang, M., Li, C. and Tong, J. (2009) Thermochemical Catalytic Liquefaction of the Marine Microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta and Characterization of Bio-Oils. Energy & Fuels, 23, 3753-3758. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef9000105
[9]
Faeth, J.L. and Savage, P.E. (2016) Effects of Processing Conditions on Biocrude Yields from Fast Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae. Bioresource Technology, 206, 290-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.01.115
[10]
Rojas-Pérez, A., Diaz-Diestra, D., Frias-Flores, C.B., Beltran-Huarac, J., Das, K., Weiner, B.R., et al. (2015) Catalytic Effect of Ultrananocrystalline Fe3O4 on Algal Bio-Crude Production via HTL Process. Nanoscale, 7, 17664-17671. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR04404A
[11]
Lee, A., Lewis, D., Kalaitzidis, T. and Ashman, P. (2016) Technical Issues in the Large-Scale Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgal Biomass to Biocrude. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 38, 85-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2016.01.004
[12]
Zhou, D., Zhang, L., Zhang, S., Fu, H. and Chen, J. (2010) Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifera to Bio-Oil. Energy & Fuels, 24, 4054-4061. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef100151h
[13]
Akia, M., Yazdani, F., Motaee, E., Han, D. and Arandiyan, H. (2014) A Review on Conversion of Biomass to Biofuel by Nanocatalysts. Biofuel Research Journal, 1, 16-25. https://www.newvision.co.ug https://doi.org/10.18331/BRJ2015.1.1.5
[14]
Egesa, D., Chuck, C.J. and Plucinski, P. (2018) Multifunctional Role of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Efficient Microalgae Separation and Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 6, 991-999. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03328
[15]
Nallasivam, J., Eboibi, B., Isdepsky, A., Lavanya, M., Bhaskar, S. and Chinnasamy, S. (2020) Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): Influence of Reaction Temperature on Product Yield, Carbon and Energy Recovery, and Hydrocarbon Species Distribution in Biocrude. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-01032-1
[16]
Phothisantikul, P.P., Tuanpusa, R., Nakashima, M., Charinpanitkul, T. and Matsumura, Y. (2013) Effect of CH3COOH and K2CO3 on Hydrothermal Pretreatment of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 52, 5009-5015. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie302434w
[17]
Patel, S.A. and Erickson, L. (1981) Estimation of Heats of Combustion of Biomass from Elemental Analysis Using Available Electron Concepts. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 23, 2051-2067. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260230910
[18]
Raikova, S., Smith-Baedorf, H., Bransgrove, R., Barlow, O., Santomauro, F., Wagner, J.L., et al. (2016) Assessing Hydrothermal Liquefaction for the Production of Bio-Oil and Enhanced Metal Recovery from Microalgae Cultivated on Acid Mine Drainage. Fuel Processing Technology, 142, 219-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.10.017
[19]
Hariani, P.L., Faizal, M. and Setiabudidaya, D. (2013) Synthesis and Properties of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles by Co-Precipitation Method to Removal Procion Dye. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, 4, 336. https://doi.org/10.7763/IJESD.2013.V4.366
[20]
Melo, A.F., Luz, R.A., Iost, R.M., Nantes, I.L. and Crespilho, F.N. (2013) Highly Stable Magnetite Modified with Chitosan, Ferrocene and Enzyme for Application in Magneto-Switchable Bioelectrocatalysis. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, 24, 285-294. https://doi.org/10.5935/0103-5053.20130037
[21]
de Caprariis, B., Bavasso, I., Bracciale, M.P., Damizia, M., De Filippis, P. and Scarsella, M. (2019) Enhanced Bio-Crude Yield and Quality by Reductive Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Oak Wood Biomass: Effect of Iron Addition. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 139, 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2019.01.017
[22]
Demirbaş, A. (2000) Mechanisms of Liquefaction and Pyrolysis Reactions of Biomass. Energy Conversion and Management, 41, 633-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(99)00130-2
[23]
Biller, P. and Ross, A. (2011) Potential Yields and Properties of Oil from the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae with Different Biochemical Content. Bioresource Technology, 102, 215-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2010.06.028
[24]
Minowa, T., Yokoyama, S.-Y., Kishimoto, M. and Okakura, T. (1995) Oil Production from Algal Cells of Dunaliella tertiolecta by Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction. Fuel, 74, 1735-1738. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(95)80001-X
[25]
Yan, X., Ma, J., Wang, W., Zhao, Y. and Zhou, J. (2018) The Effect of Different Catalysts and Process Parameters on the Chemical Content of Bio-Oils from Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Sugarcane Bagasse. BioResources, 13, 997-1018. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.13.1.997-1018
[26]
Dadyburjor, D.B., Stewart, W., Stiller, A., Stinespring, C., Wann, J. and Zondlo, J. (1994) Disproportional Ferric Sulfide Catalysts for Coal Liquefaction. Energy & Fuels, 8, 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef00043a003
[27]
Beauchet, R., Monteil-Rivera, F. and Lavoie, J. (2012) Conversion of Lignin to Aromatic-Based Chemicals (L-chems) and Biofuels (L-fuels). Bioresource Technology, 121, 328-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.06.061
[28]
Abu El-Rub, Z., Bramer, E.A. and Brem, G. (2004) Review of Catalysts for Tar Elimination in Biomass Gasification Processes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 43, 6911-6919. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie0498403
[29]
Toor, S.S., Rosendahl, L. and Rudolf, A. (2011) Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass: A Review of Subcritical Water Technologies. Energy, 36, 2328-2342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2011.03.013
[30]
Barreiro, D.L., Samorì, C., Terranella, G., Hornung, U., Kruse, A. and Prins, W. (2014) Assessing Microalgae Biorefinery Routes for the Production of Biofuels via Hydrothermal Liquefaction. Bioresource Technology, 174, 256-265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.031
[31]
Jin, F., Wang, Y., Zeng, X., Shen, Z. and Yao, G. (2014) Water under High Temperature and Pressure Conditions and Its Applications to Develop Green Technologies for Biomass Conversion. In: Application of Hydrothermal Reactions to Biomass Conversion, Springer, Berlin, 3-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54458-3_1
[32]
Boocock, D. and Sherman, K. (1985) Further Aspects of Powdered Poplar Wood Liquefaction by Aqueous Pyrolysis. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 63, 627-633. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjce.5450630415
[33]
Christensen, P.S., Peng, G.L., Vogel, F.D.R. and Iversen, B.B. (2014) Hydrothermal Liquefaction of the Microalgae Phaeodactylum tricornutum: Impact of Reaction Conditions on Product and Elemental Distribution. Energy & Fuels, 28, 5792-5803. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef5012808
[34]
Garcia Alba, L., Torri, C., Samorì, C., van der Spek, J., Fabbri, D., Kersten, S.R., et al. (2012) Hydrothermal Treatment (HTT) of Microalgae: Evaluation of the Process as Conversion Method in an Algae Biorefinery Concept. Energy & Fuels, 26, 642-657. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef201415s
[35]
Vardon, D.R., Sharma, B., Scott, J., Yu, G., Wang, Z., Schideman, L., et al. (2011) Chemical Properties of Biocrude Oil from the Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Spirulina algae, Swine Manure, and Digested Anaerobic Sludge. Bioresource Technology, 102, 8295-8303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.041
[36]
Huber, G.W., Iborra, S. and Corma, A. (2006) Synthesis of Transportation Fuels from Biomass: Chemistry, Catalysts, and Engineering. Chemical Reviews, 106, 4044-4098. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr068360d
[37]
Rafiq, M.K., Bachmann, R.T., Rafiq, M.T., Shang, Z., Joseph, S. and Long, R. (2016) Influence of Pyrolysis Temperature on Physico-Chemical Properties of Corn Stover (Zea mays L.) Biochar and Feasibility for Carbon Capture and Energy Balance. PLoS ONE, 11, e0156894. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156894
[38]
Francis, W. and Peters, M.C. (2013) Fuels and Fuel Technology: A Summarized Manual. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
![\"\"](\"Edit_b832a078-c9f1-4a9c-871e-2ed1f0c6e7ac.png\")
