First, the paper proposes that a cosmological entity such as a photon and a physical entity such as an electron belong to two different levels of the Universe. The cosmological entities do not have any physical parameters. Thus, several mysteries of quantum physics are still unresolved because both are considered in the same paradigm. This paper further estab-lishes that the spatial space (medium of propagation) is a fabric made of different cosmo-logical substances. It explains how the space fabric plays an important role in creating dif-ferent cosmic phenomena such as gravitation, repulsion, cosmic inflation, and other mys-teries. This spatial space fabric accepts the electromagnetic wave by way of physical time, creating a spacetime continuum. Next, the paper proposes a new vision that explains how an electromagnetic wave transports photons from an emitter to a receiver with a constant velocity by outlining a new paradigm of time and space and precisely treating photons as cosmological substances. This vision explains how the second postulate of Einstein’s special theory of relativity remains valid even if the time dilation due to velocity is not a reality. The correctness of the approach is validated through the results obtained from previous well-known experiments.
References
[1]
Reutlinger, A. (2020) What Is Epistemically Wrong with Research Affected by Sponsorship Bias? The Evidential Account. European Journal for Philosophy of Science, 10, 1-26.
[2]
Mukunda, N. (2020) The Marvel and the Mystery of Quantum Mechanics—Some Reflections. Resonance, 25, 585-594.
[3]
Zmigrod, L., Zmigrod, S., Rentfrow, P.J. and Robbins, T.W. (2019) The Psychological Roots of Intellectual Humility: The Role of Intelligence and Cognitive Flexibility. Personality and Individual Differences, 141, 200-208.
[4]
Laplane, L., Mantovani, P., Adolphs, R., Chang, H., Mantovani, A., McFall-Ngai, M., Rovelli, C., Sober, E. and Pradeu, T. (2019) Opinion: Why Science Needs Philosophy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116, 3948-3952.
[5]
Grünbaum, A. (1962) The Special Theory of Relativity as a Case Study of the Importance of the Philosophy of Science for the History of Science. Annali di Matematica Pura ed Applicata, 57, 257-282.
Cain, F. (2014) Does Light Experience Time? Universe Today: Space and Astronomy News. https://www.universetoday.com/111603/does-light-experience-time/
[8]
University of Bristol (2012) “One Real Mystery of Quantum Mechanics”: Physicists Devise New Experiment. https://phys.org/news/2012-11-real-mystery-quantum-mechanics-physicists.html
[9]
Perkowitz, S. (2008) Bose-Einstein Condensate. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/Bose-Einstein-condensate
[10]
O’Keefe, M. (2019) Massless Particles Can’t Be Stopped, Symmetry, Dimensions of Particle Physics. https://www.symmetrymagazine.org/article/massless-particles-cant-be-stopped
[11]
Barrow, J.D. (2002) Cosmology: A Matter of All and Nothing. Astronomy and Geophysics, 43, 4-8.
[12]
Nafousi, M. (2019) The Fabric of Space—Nature and Structure: Binary Universe—Grand Unification Theory. https://medium.com/@MahmoudNafousi/the-pixelated-fabric-of-space-5ea178694caf
[13]
Lloyd, J. (2020) Which Came First—Time or Space? Science Focus. https://www.sciencefocus.com/space/which-came-first-time-or-space/
[14]
Solà, J. (2013) Cosmological Constant and Vacuum Energy: Old and New Ideas. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 453, Article No. 012015.
[15]
Dingle, H. (1967) A Re-Examination of the Michelson–Morley Experiment. Vistas in Astronomy, 9, 97-100.
[16]
Smith, D.J. (2016) Space, Time and Aether. Fluid Mechanics: Open Access, 3, Article No. 1000135.
[17]
Ellis R.S. (2010) Gravitational Lensing: A Unique Probe of Dark Matter and Dark Energy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 368, 967-987. http://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2009.0209
[18]
Ellis, J. (2015) Before, behind and beyond the Discovery of the Higgs Boson. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 373, Article No. 20140049.
[19]
Okada, Y. (2007) Higgs Particle: The Origin of Mass. Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 76, Article No. 111011. https://arxiv.org/abs/0708.2016
[20]
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (2020) Redshift. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/redshift
[21]
Cain, F. (2014) Does Light Experience Time? Phys. Org., Science X Newsletters. https://phys.org/news/2014-05-does-light-experience-time.html
[22]
Wilczek, F. (2006) The Origin of Mass. Mit Physics Annual, 24-35. http://www.frankwilczek.com/Wilczek_Easy_Pieces/342_Origin_of_Mass.pdf
[23]
Fiedler, H. (2017) Is a Single Photon Emitted as a Spherical EM Wavefront? https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/314068
[24]
Howell, E. (2018) Cosmic Microwave Background: Remnant of the Big Bang. https://www.space.com/33892-cosmic-microwave-background.html
[25]
Martyushev, L. (2017) On Interrelation of Time and Entropy. Entropy, 19, e19070345. https://doi.org/10.3390/e19070345
[26]
Ben-Naim, A. (2020) Entropy and Time. Entropy, 22, e22040430.
[27]
Parrondo, J.M., Van den Broeck, C. and Kawai, R. (2009) Entropy Production and the Arrow of Time. New Journal of Physics, 11, Article No. 073008.
[28]
Crossman, E.R.F.W. (1953) Entropy and Choice Time: The Effect of Frequency Unbalance on Choice-Response. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 5, 41-51.
[29]
Yousif, M.E. (2016) The Double Slit Experiment Explained. Journal of Physical Mathematics, 7, 1-10.
[30]
Gribbin, J. (1996) Deepening the Quantum Mysteries, Quantum Mysteries. http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/John_Gribbin/quantum.htm
[31]
Gribbin, J. (1996) Solving the Quantum Mysteries, Quantum Mysteries. http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/John_Gribbin/quantum.htm
[32]
Bunn, E.F. and Hogg, D.W. (2009) The Kinematic Origin of the Cosmological Redshift. American Journal of Physics, 77, 688-694.
[33]
Dimitrova, T.L. and Weis, A. (2008) The Wave-Particle Duality of Light: A Demonstration Experiment. American Journal of Physics, 76, 137-142.
[34]
Orlov, S. (2017) Speed of Light. Journal of Physics and Astronomy, 5, Article No. 116. https://www.tsijournals.com/articles/speed-of-light-13396.html
[35]
Spavieri, G. (2017) Testing Einstein’s Second Postulate with an Experiment of the Sagnac Type. Physics and Astronomy International Journal, 1, 1-13.
[36]
Sharlanov, G. (2015) The Theory of Relativity by Albert Einstein—Awareness of the Physical Reality. https://doi.org/10.13140/rg.2.1.1962.1602
