In the light of its negative impacts on the environment and human health, conventional agriculture is currently facing new challenges; for example, reducing pesticide reliance, improving biodiversity, adapting to climate change and reconciling winegrowers with consumers, which require changes to be made to vineyard management. A shift towards more sustainable agriculture via the development of agroecological systems may be key to meeting these environmental, economic and social challenges. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of existing viticultural systems, as well as that of three new scenarios that we built to change conventional vine production systems and their related practices. The end aim is to adopt the principles of agroecology, and more virtuously, to ensure that vine production remains in line with societal expectations. First, thirty-eight different viticultural systems were chosen. Three realistic scenarios for changing these production systems were then built by working with stakeholders and incorporating the best practices that had been identified in the vineyard. Conventional practices were optimised in the first scenario and an agroecological approach was adopted for the other two scenarios: an Agroecological scenario (using synthetic chemicals) and an Agroecological-Bio scenario (organic system). All three scenarios were based on a combination of good practices which contribute to enhancing vineyard biodiversity, and which thus restore biological regulation and in turn reduce pesticides. The viticultural systems performances have been evaluated with a methodology involving multicriteria decision aid using ELECTRE Tri-C and ELECTRE III methods. Seven evaluation criteria were selected which covered socio-economic performance (economic profitability, workload and system complexity) and environmental performance (pesticide pressure, pesticide ecotoxicity, agroecological practices and pesticide drift). The best performances were achieved by the two agroecological scenarios, and this methodology can be adaptable to different production systems everywhere in different viticultural regions.
References
[1]
Barriuso, E. (2004) Estimation des risques environnementaux des 687 pesticides. INRA éditions, Paris, 113 p.
[2]
Nicholls, C. and Altieri, M. (2014) Agroecology: Designing Climate Change Resilient Small Farming Systems in the Developing World. Agroecology for Food Security and Nutrition, Proceedings of the FAO International Symposium, Rome, 271-295.
[3]
Van der Werf, H.M.G. (1996) Assessing the Impact of Pesticides on the Environment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 60, 81-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(96)01096-1
[4]
Alavanja, M.R., Hoppin, J.A. and Kamel, F. (2004) Health Effects of Chronic Pesticide Exposure: Cancer and Neurotoxicity. Annual Review of Public Health, 25, 155-197. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.25.101802.123020
[5]
Baldi, I., Lebailly, P., Rondeau, V., et al. (2012) Levels and Determinants of Pesticide Exposure in Operators Involved in Treatment of Vineyards: Results of the PESTEXPO Study. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 22, 593-600. https://doi.org/10.1038/jes.2012.82
[6]
Bohnen, N.I. and Kurland, L.T. (1995) Brain Tumor and Exposure to Pesticides in Humans: A Review of the Epidemiologic Data. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 132, 110-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510X(95)00151-Q
[7]
Costello, S., Cockburn, M., Bronstein, J., Zhang, X. and Ritz, B. (2009) Parkinson’s Disease and Residential Exposure to Maneb and Paraquat from Agricultural Applications in the Central Valley of California. The American Journal of Epidemiology, 169, 919-926. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp006
[8]
Bengtsson, J., Enstrom, J. and Weibull, A.C. (2005) The Effects of Organic Agriculture on Biodiversity and Abundance: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology, 42, 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01005.x
[9]
Kremen, C., Williams, N.M. and Thorp, R.B. (2002) Crop Pollination from Native Bees at Risk from Agricultural Intensification. PNAS, 26, 16812-16816. http://www.pnas.org/content/99/26/16812.full https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.262413599
[10]
Berendse, F., Chamberlain, D., Kleijn, D. and Schekkerman, H. (2004) Declining Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes and the Effectiveness of Agri-Environments Chemes. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 33, 499-502. https://doi.org/10.1579/0044-7447-33.8.499
[11]
Wezel, A., Bellon, S., Doré, T., Francis, C., Vallod, D. and David, C. (2009) Agroecology as a Science, a Movement and a Practice. A Review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29, 503-515. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009004
[12]
FAO (2018) The 10 Elements of Agroecology. Guiding the Transition to Sustainable Food and Agricultural Systems. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.
[13]
Macary, F., Guerendel, F. and Alonso Ugaglia, A. (2020) Quels apports de la littérature pour comprendre et construire la transition agroécologique en viticulture? Cahiers Agriculture, 29, 38. https://doi.org/10.1051/cagri/2020035
[14]
Altieri, M.A. (1995) Agroecology: The Science of Sustainable Agriculture. Westeview Press, Boulder, 433 p.
[15]
Baret, P. (2017) Un changement de paradigme. Messages du Secours Catholique-Caritas France 720, 16.
[16]
Gary, C., Metral, R., Metay, A., Garcia, L., Merot, A., Smits, N., et al. (2017) Towards an Agroecological Viticulture: Advances and Challenges. Proceedings of the 20th GIESCO International Meeting, Mendoza, 5-10 November 2017, 1122-1127. https://hal.archivesouvertes.fr/hal-01664474
[17]
Garcia, L., Damour, G., Gary, C., Follain, S., Le Bissonnais, Y. and Metay, A. (2019) Trait-Based Approach for Agroecology: Contribution of Service Crop Root Traits to Explain Soil Aggregate Stability in Vineyards. Plant and Soil, 435, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-018-3874-4
[18]
Nicholls, C., Altieri, M., Dezanet, A., Lana, M., Feistauer, D. and Ouriques, M. (2004) A Rapid, Farmer-Friendly Agroecological Method to Estimate Soil Quality and Crop Health in Vineyard Systems. Biodynamics, 33, 822-840. http://agroecology.pbworks.com/f/biodyn-indicators.pdf
[19]
Vereijken, P. (1997) A Methodical Way of Prototyping Integrated and Ecological Arable Farming Systems (I/EAFS) in Interaction with Pilot Farms. Developments in Crop Science, 25, 293-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-519X(97)80029-3
[20]
Lançon, J., Wery, J., Rapidel, B., Angokaye, M., Gérardeaux, E., Gaborel, C., Ballo, D. and Fadegnon, B. (2007) An Improved Methodology for Integrated Crop Management Systems. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 27, 101-110. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2006037
[21]
Metral, R., Rapidel, R., Delière, L., Petitgenet, M., Lafond D., Chevrier, C., Bernard, F.M., Serrano, E., Thiolet-Scholtus, M. and Wery, J. (2015) A Prototyping Method for the Re-Design of Intensive Perennial Systems: The Case of Vineyards in France. 5th International Symposium for Farming Systems Design, Montpellier, 7-10 September 2015, 2 p.
[22]
Debaeke, P., Munier-Jolain, N.M., Bertrand, M., Guichard, L., Nolot, J.M., Faloya, V. and Saulas, P. (2009) Iterative Design and Evaluation of Rule-Based Cropping Systems: Methodology and Case Studies. A Review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29, 73-86. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:2008050
[23]
Bergez, J.E., Colbach, N., Crespo, O., Garcia, F., Jeuffroy, M.H., Justes, E., Loyce, C., Munier-Jolain, N. and Sadok, W. (2010) Designing Crop Management Systems by Simulation. European Journal of Agronomy, 32, 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2009.06.001
[24]
Sadok, W., Angevin, F., Bergez, J.E., Bockstaller, C., Colomb, B., Guichard, L., Reau, R. and Dore, T. (2009) MASC, a Qualitative Multi-Attribute Decision Model for Ex Ante Assessment of the Sustainability of Cropping Systems. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29, 447-461. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro/2009006
[25]
Pelzer, E., Fortino, G., Bockstaller, C., Angevin, F., Lamine, C., Moonen, C., Vasileiadis, V., Guérin, D., Guichard, L., Reau, R. and Messéan, A. (2012) Assessing Innovative Cropping Systems with DEXiPM, a Qualitative Multi-Criteria Assessment Tool Derived from DEXi. Ecological Indicators, 18, 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.11.019
[26]
Deytieux, V., Munier-Jolain, N.M. and Caneill, J. (2015) Assessing the Sustainability of Cropping Systems in Single- and Multi-Sites Studies. A Review of Methods. European Journal of Agronomy, 72, 107-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eja.2015.10.005
[27]
Arondel, C. and Girardin, P. (2000) Sorting Cropping Systems on the Basis of Their Impact on Groundwater Quality. European Journal of Operational Research, 3, 467-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00437-3
[28]
Loyce, C., Rellier, J.P. and Meynard, J.M. (2002) Management Planning for Winter Wheat with Multiple Objectives (1): The BETHA System. Agricultural Systems, 72, 9-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-521X(01)00064-6
[29]
Macary, F., Almeida-Dias, J., Uny, D. and Probst, A. (2013) Assessment of the Effects of Best Environmental Practices on Reducing Pesticide Pollution in Surface Water, Using Multi-Criteria Modelling Combined with a GIS. International Journal of Multi-Criteria Decision Making, 3, 178-211. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMCDM.2013.053725
[30]
Macary, F., Almeida Dias, J., Rui-Figueira, J. and Roy, B. (2014) A Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis Model Based on ELECTRE TRI-C for Erosion Risk Assessment in Agricultural Areas. Environmental Modeling & Assessment, 19, 221-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-013-9387-x
[31]
Roy, B. (1968) Classement et choix en présence de points de vue multiples (la méthode ELECTRE). Revue française d'automatique, d’informatique et de recherche opérationnelle, 8, 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1051/ro/196802V100571 http://www.numdam.org/item?id=RO_1968__2_1_57_0
[32]
Roy, B. (1985) Méthodologie multicritère d'aide à la décision. Multicriteria methodology for decision aiding, Economica, Paris, 424 p.
[33]
Almeida-Dias, J., Rui-Figueira, J. and Roy, B. (2006) The Software ELECTRE III-IV, Methodology and User Manual (Version 3x), Cahiers du LAMSADE, Université Paris-Dauphine.
[34]
Almeida-Dias, J., Rui-Figueira, J. and Roy, B. (2010) ELECTRE TRI-C: A Multiple Criteria Sorting Method Based on Characteristic Reference Actions. European Journal of Operational Research, 204, 565-580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2009.10.018
[35]
Roy, B. (1990) The Outranking Approach and the Foundations of ELECTRE Methods. In: Readings in Multiple Criteria Decision Aid, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 155-183. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75935-2_8
[36]
Mghirbi, O., Ellefi, K, Le Grusse, P., Mandart, E., Fabre, J., Ayadi, H. and Bord, J. P. (2016) Assessing Plant Protection Practices Using Pressure Indicator and Toxicity Risk Indicators: Analysis of the Relationship between These Indicators for Improved Risk Management, Application in Viticulture. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 22, 8058-8074. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3736-4
[37]
Figueira, J. and Roy, B. (2002) Determining the Weights of Criteria in the ELECTRE Type Methods with a Revised Simos’ Procedure. European Journal of Operational Research, 139, 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-2217(01)00370-8
[38]
El Hadri, H., Chéry, P., Jalabert, S., Lee, A., Potin-Gautier, M. and Lespes, G. (2012) Assessment of Diffuse Contamination of Agricultural Soil by Copper in Aquitaine Region by Using French National Databases. Science of the Total Environment, 441, 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.09.070
[39]
Toselli, M., Schiatti, P., Ara, D., Bertacchini, A. and Quartieri, M. (2009) The Accumulation of Copper in Soils of the Italian Region Emilia-Romagna. Plant Soil Environment, 50, 74-79. https://doi.org/10.17221/317-PSE
[40]
Delmotte, S., Ripoche, A. and Gary, C. (2008) A Multiple Criteria Assessment Approach for Evaluating the Sustainability of Innovative Cropping Systems in Viticulture. ENDURE International Conference, La Grande-Motte, 4 p.
[41]
Lafon, D., Coulon, T., Metral, R., Mérot, A. and Wéry, J. (2013) EcoViti: A Systemic Approach to Design Low Pesticide Vineyards. Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture. IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, 85, 77-86.
[42]
Metral, R., Chevrier, C., Bals, N., Bouisson, Y., Didier, V., Enard, C., Fremond, N., Garin, P., Gautier, T., Genevet, B., Goma-Fortin, N., Guillois, F., Ohl, B. and Thiery, J. (2018) DEPHY EXPE EcoViti French Mediterranean Belt Project: Synthesis of 2012-2017 Results. Innovations Agronomiques, 70, 3-20.
[43]
Doody, D.G., Kearney, P., Barry, J., Moles, R. and O’Regan, B. (2009) Evaluation of the q-Method as a Method of Public Participation in the Selection of Sustainable Development Indicators. Ecological Indicators, 9, 1129-1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2008.12.011
[44]
Santiago-Brown, I., Metcalfe, A., Jerram, C. and Collins, C. (2015) Sustainability Assessment in Wine-Grape Growing in the New World: Economic, Environmental, and Social Indicators for Agricultural Businesses. Sustainability, 7, 8178-8204. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7078178
[45]
Wezel, A., Casagrande, M., Celette, F., Vian, J.-F., Ferrer, A. and Peigné, J. (2014) Agroecological Practices for Sustainable Agriculture. A Review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0180-7 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01234800/document
[46]
Merot, A. and Wéry, J. (2017) Converting to Organic Viticulture Increases Cropping System Structure and Management Complexity. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 37, Article No. 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-017-0427-9
