Volunteering tourism incorporates services and activities related to the caring of environmental, cultural, or humanitarian issues, intending to benefit not only tourists but also locals. Therefore, this activity fits into principles of sustainable development which has been defined as growth based on a balance between the environmental, social, and economic dimensions. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of volunteering tourism to sustainable development and to identify the crucial factors to implement a successful volunteering project. We explored the interactions between volunteering tourism and sustainable development through a qualitative approach considering as case study: the rural tourism project “Quilla Pacari”, located in the highlands of Chimborazo province, Ecuador. Our findings proportionate information about the influence of volunteering tourism in principles associated with sustainable development revealing a general insight into the interactions and identifying the perception about the crucial factors to implement a successful volunteering project. However, the Quilla Pacari project located in Chimborazo province is relatively emergent and further studies are needed to clarify all the relations associated with the process.
References
[1]
Brundtland Commission (1987) World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED): Our Common Future. The United Nations General Assembly, New York, 318.
[2]
Chhabra, D. (2010) Sustainable Marketing of Cultural and Heritage Tourism. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203855416
[3]
Knox, P. and Mayer, H. (2013) Small Town Sustainability: Economic, Social, and Environmental Innovation. Walter de Gruyter, Basel.
[4]
Richins, H. (2009) Environmental, Cultural, Economic and Socio-Community Sustainability: A Framework for Sustainable Tourism in Resort Destinations. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 11, 785-800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-008-9143-6
[5]
Sitarz, D. (Ed.) (1993) Agenda 21: The Earth Summit Strategy to Save Our Planet. Colorado, Boulder Earth Press.
[6]
UNWTO (United Nations World Tourism Organization) (2014) World Tourism Organization Annual Report 2013. United Nations World Tourism Organization, Madrid.
[7]
Harris, J.M. (2003) Sustainability and Sustainable Development. International Society for Ecological Economics, 1, 1-12.
[8]
de Oliveira, J.F.G. and Trindade, T.C.G. (2018) Sustainability Indicators. In: Sustainability Performance Evaluation of Renewable Energy Sources: The Case of Brazil, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 45-62. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77607-1_3
[9]
Office for National Statistics (2011) Sustainable Tourism: A Review of Indicators. Economic & Labour Market Review, 5, 77-95. https://doi.org/10.1057/elmr.2011.98
[10]
Streimikiene, D., Svagzdiene, B., Jasinskas, E. and Simanavicius, A. (2021) Sustainable Tourism Development and Competitiveness: The Systematic Literature Review. Sustainable Development, 29, 259-271. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2133
[11]
Mathew, P.V. and Nimmi, P.M (2021) Sustainable Tourism Development: Discerning the Impact of Responsible Tourism on Community Well-Being. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-02-2021-0052
[12]
Gabriel-Campos, E., Werner-Masters, K., Cordova-Buiza, F. and Paucar-Caceres, A. (2021) Community Eco-Tourism in Rural Peru: Resilience and Adaptive Capacities to the Covid-19 Pandemic and Climate Change. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48, 416-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.07.016
[13]
Quevedo, L., Cejas, M., Vinueza, P. and Castillo, D. (2020). Desde lo rural hacia lo urbano ¿puede el turismo ser el camino hacia el desarrollo? In: Editorial Centro de Estudios Sociales de América Latina, Ed, De lo rural a lo urbano en Ecuador, Editorial Centro de Estudios Sociales de América Latina, 236.
[14]
Fonte, M. (2006) Slow Food’s Presidia: What Do Small Producers Do with Big Retailers? In: Marsden, T. and Jonathan Murdoch, J., Eds., Research in Rural Sociology and Development, Vol. 12, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, 203-240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1057-1922(06)12009-0
[15]
Gannon, A. (1998) Mastering Change: A New Paradigm in Building Positive Futures for Rural Communities. Proceedings of the Positive Rural Futures Conference, Biloela, 28-30 May 1998, 28-30.
[16]
Chafe, Z. and Honey, M. (2005) Consumer Demand and Operator Support for Socially and Environmentally Responsible Tourism. Center on Ecotourism and Sustainable Development, Washington DC.
[17]
Demirović, D., Radovanović, M., Petrović, M.D., Cimbaljević, M., Vuksanović, N. and Vuković, D.B. (2018) Environmental and Community Stability of a Mountain Destination: An Analysis of Residents’ Perception. Sustainability, 10, Article No. 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10010070
[18]
Pavione, E., Pezzetti, R. and Gazzola, P. (2017). The Role of “Slow Territories” in the Development of Sustainable Tourism. European Scientific Journal, 13, 238-248.
[19]
Reisinger, Y. and Dimanche, F. (2010) International Tourism. Routledge, London and New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780080941288
[20]
Chen, L.-J. and Chen, J.S. (2011) The Motivations and Expectations of International Volunteer Tourists: A Case Study of “Chinese Village Traditions”. Tourism Management, 32, 435-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2010.01.009
[21]
Brown, S. (2005) Travelling with a Purpose: Understanding the Motives and Benefits of Volunteer Vacationers. Current Issues in Tourism, 8, 479-496. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500508668232
[22]
Coghlan, A. (2006) Volunteer Tourism as an Emerging Trend or an Expansion of Ecotourism? A Look at Potential Clients’ Perceptions of Volunteer Tourism Organisations. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 11, 225-237. https://doi.org/10.1002/nvsm.35
[23]
Wearing, S. (2001) Volunteer Tourism: Experiences That Make a Difference. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, Wallingford. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851995335.0000
[24]
Lockstone-Binney, L. and Ong, F. (2021) The Sustainable Development Goals: The Contribution of Tourism Volunteering. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1919686
[25]
Ellis, C. (2003) Participatory Environmental Research in Tourism: A Global View. Tourism Recreation Research, 28, 45-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2003.11081416
[26]
Pongponrat, K. (2021) University Volunteer Programs for Post-Disaster Recovery: The Case of Post-Tsunami Japan. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 42, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.34044/j.kjss.2021.42.1.05
[27]
Baumann, A.C. (2021) Spaces for Encounters between Tourists and Locals in Times of Cruise Tourism and Overtourism. In: Carolin Lusby, Destination Unknown-Sustainable Travel and Ethical Tourism, University of Illinois Research Park, Champaign, IL, 3-14.
[28]
Abreu, J. and Ferreira, M.R. (2021) What We Know about Volunteer Tourism—An Approach to Motivations and Impacts. International Journal of Sustainable Society, 13, 16-33. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSOC.2021.115676
[29]
Caissie, L.T. and Halpenny, E.A. (2003) Volunteering for Nature: Motivations for Participating in a Biodiversity Conservation Volunteer Program. World Leisure Journal, 45, 38-50. https://doi.org/10.1080/04419057.2003.9674315
[30]
Carter, K.A. (2008) Volunteer Tourism: An Exploration of the Perceptions and Experiences of Volunteer Tourists and the Role of Authenticity in Those Experiences. PhD Thesis, Lincoln University, Lincoln.
[31]
McIntosh, A.J. and Zahra, A. (2007) A Cultural Encounter through Volunteer Tourism: Towards the Ideals of Sustainable Tourism? Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15, 541-556. https://doi.org/10.2167/jost701.0
[32]
Eisenhardt, K.M. (1989) Building Theories from Case Study Research. Academy of Management Review, 14, 532-550. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1989.4308385
[33]
Yin, R.K. (2013) Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 5th Edition, SAGE Publications, Inc., Los Angeles.
[34]
Mascarenhas, A., Nunes, L.M. and Ramos, T.B. (2015) Selection of Sustainability Indicators for Planning: Combining Stakeholders’ Participation and Data Reduction Techniques. Journal of Cleaner Production, 92, 295-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.005
[35]
Savage, G.T., Nix, T.W., Whitehead, C.J. and Blair, J.D. (1991) Strategies for Assessing and Managing Organizational Stakeholders. Academy of Management Perspectives, 5, 61-75. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.1991.4274682
[36]
Quevedo, L., Cejas, M., Vinueza, P. and Samaniego, W. (2020) Promoting Sustainable Development through Touristic MTB (Mountain Bike) Routes. The Experience of an Andean Region of Ecuador. Test Engineering and Management, 83, 25968-25977.
[37]
UN Environment Programme and World Trade Organization (2005) Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers. UN Environment Programme, World Trade Organization, Geneva.
[38]
Randle, M. and Dolnicar, S. (2009) Understanding the Australian Environmental Volunteering Market: A Basis for Behavioural Change and a Sustainable Future. Australasian Marketing Journal, 17, 192-203. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ausmj.2009.06.001
[39]
Leonard, R. and Onyx, J. (2009) Volunteer Tourism: The Interests and Motivations of Grey Nomads. Annals of Leisure Research, 12, 315-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2009.9686827
[40]
Volunteering Australia (2016) State of Volunteering in Australia. Volunteering Australia, Australia.
[41]
Ruhanen, L., Cooper, C. and Fayos-Solá, E. (2008) Volunteering Tourism Knowledge: A Case from the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). In: Lyons, K., D. and Wearing, S., Eds., Journeys of Discovery in Volunteer Tourism: International Case Study Perspectives, CABI Publications, Wallingford, 25-35.
[42]
Uriely, N., Reichel, A. and Ron, A. (2003) Volunteering in Tourism: Additional Thinking. Tourism Recreation Research, 28, 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2003.11081417
Stebbins, R.A. and Graham, M. (2004) Volunteering as Leisure/Leisure as Volunteering: An International Assessment. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International, Wallingford.
[45]
Smith, K. and Cordery, C.J. (2010) What Works? A Systematic Review of Research and Evaluation Literature on Encouragement and Support of Volunteering. A Systematic Review of Research and Evaluation Literature on Encouragement and Support of Volunteering (June 14, 2010). SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1761655
[46]
Clary, E.G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R.D., Miene, P.K. and Haugen, J.A. (1994) Matching Messages to Motives in Persuasion: A Functional Approach to Promoting Volunteerism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1129-1146. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb01548.x
[47]
Randle, M. and Dolnicar, S. (2012) Attracting Volunteers in Highly Multicultural Societies: A Marketing Challenge. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 24, 351-369. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495142.2012.733668
[48]
Randle, M. and Dolnicar, S. (2009) Does Cultural Background Affect Volunteering Behavior? Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 21, 225-247. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495140802529649