As a way of making algal feedstock feasible for
biofuel production, simultaneous utilization
of microalga Dictyosphaerium sp.
LC172264 for cassava wastewater remediation and accumulation of lipids
for biodiesel production was investigated. The algal biomass, lipid contents
and composition were measured from the autotrophic, heterotrophic and
mixotrophic cultured algal cells. Physicochemical parameters of the cassava
wastewater and bioremediation potentials were measured. Biodiesel properties
were deduced and compared with the standards. The results showed that
mixotrophic culture was the best for both biomass accumulation (1.022 g/L) and
lipid contents (24.53%). Irrespective of the culture condition, the predominant
fatty acids were similar and included 11-Octadecenoic acid (vaccenic acid (C19H36O2),
oleic acid (C18H34O2) and 14-methyl
pentadecanoic acid (isopalmitic acid (C17H34O2).
The percentage reduction of total dissolved solids was 79.32% and 89.78% for
heterotrophy and mixotrophy respectively. Biochemical oxygen demand was 72.95%
and 89.35%, chemical oxygen demand was 72.19% and 84.03% whereas cyanide
contents reduced from the initial value of 450 mg/L to 93.105 (79.31%) and
85.365 mg/L (81.03%) respectively. Dictyosphaerium sp. showed good growth and lipid production under mixotrophic condition and
produced good quality biodiesel under the three cultivation modes. Even though
both mixotrophic and heterotrophic conditions had good promise of cassava
wastewater remediation by Dictyosphaerium sp., mixotrophy showed superiority.
References
[1]
Montgomery, H. (2017) Preventing the Progression of Climate Change: One Drug or Polypill? Biofuel Research Journal, 13, 536.
[2]
United Nations Panel on Climate Change (UNIPCC) (2014) Climate Change Synthesis Report Summary for Policy-Makers. United Nations Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, 1-32. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/
[3]
Marella, T.K., Datta, A., Patil, M.D., Dixit, S. and Tiwari, A. (2019) Biodiesel Production through Algal Cultivation in Urban Wastewater Using Algal Floway. Bioresource Technology, 280, 222-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.031
[4]
Arora, N., Patel, A., Sartaj, K.M., Pruthi, P.A. and Pruthi, V. (2016) Bioremediation of Domestic and Industrial Wastewaters Integrated with Enhanced Biodiesel Production Using Novel Oleaginous Microalgae. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 20997-21007.
[5]
Ogbonna, I.O., Okpozu, O.O., Ikwebe, J. and Ogbonna. J.C. (2018) Utilisation of Desmodesmus subspicatus LC172266 for Simultaneous Remediation of Cassava Wastewater and Accumulation Of lipids for Biodiesel Production. Biofuels, 10, 657-664.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2018.1426164
[6]
Food and Agriculture Organization (International Fund for Agricultural Development) (2001) Strategic Environmental Assessment: An Assessment of the Impact of Cassava Production and Processing on the Environment and Biodiversity. Proceedings of the Validation Forum on the Global Cassava Development Strategy, Vol. 5, Rome, 26-28 April 2000.
[7]
Neves, C., Maroneze, M.M., dos Santos, A.M., Francisco, E.G., Wagner, R. and Zekpa Jacob-Lopes, E. (2015) Cassava Processing Wastewater as a Platform for Third Generation Biodiesel Production. Scientia Agricola, 73, 412-416.
https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-9016-2015-0302
[8]
Salim, M.A. (2013) Heterotrophic Growth of Ankistrodesmus sp. for Lipid Production Using Cassava Starch Hydrolysate as a Carbon Source. The International Journal of Biotechnology, 2, 42-51.
[9]
Kuiper, L., Ekmekci, B., Hamelinck, C., Hettinga, W., Meyer, S. and Koop, S. (2007) Bio-Ethanol from Cassava. Ecofys Netherlands BV, Utrecht.
[10]
Leong, W.H. Zaine, S.N.A., Ho, Y.C., Uemura, Y., Lam, M.K., Khoo, K.S., Kiatkittipong, W., Cheng, C.K., Show, P.L. and Lim, J.W. (2019) Impact of Various Microalgal-Bacterial Populations on Municipal Wastewater Bioremediation and Its Energy Feasibility for Lipid-Based Biofuel Population. Journal of Environmental Management, 249, Article ID: 109384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109384
[11]
Okpozu, O.O., Ogbonna, I.O., Ikwebe, J. and Ogbonna, J.C. (2019) Phycoremediation of Cassava Wastewater by Desmodesmus armatus and the Concomitant Accumulation of Lipids for Biodiesel Production. Bioresource Technology Reports, 7, Article ID: 100255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100255
[12]
Kumar, R., Ghosh, A.K. and Pal, P. (2020) Synergy of Biofuel Production with Waste Remediation along with Value Added Co-Products Recovery through Microalgae Cultivation: A Review of Membrane-Integrated Green Approach. Science of the Total Environment, 698, Article ID: 134169.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134169
[13]
Chisti, Y. (2007) Biodiesel from Microalgae. Biotechnology Advances, 25, 294-306.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001
[14]
Ogbonna, I.O. and Ogbonna, J.C. (2018) Effects of Carbon Source on Growth Characteristics and Lipid Accumulation by Microalga Dictyosphaerium sp. with Potential for Biodiesel Production. Energy and Power Engineering, 10, 29-42.
https://doi.org/10.4236/epe.2018.102003
[15]
Jiang, Y., Pu, X., Zheng, D., Zhu, T., Wang, S., Deng, L. and Wang, W. (2018) Cultivation of Lipid-Producing Microalgae in Struvite-Precipitated Liquid Digestate for Biodiesel Production. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 11, Article No. 101.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1102-3
[16]
Nayana, B., Venkatesh, H.N., Sudharshana, T.N., Manjunath, K. and Mohana, D.C. (2020) Isolation and Utilization of Dictyosphaerium ehrenbergianum Nageli for Biodiesel Production: Lipid Extraction and Biodiesel Property Analysis. Biofuels, 11, 885-892. https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2018.1432270
[17]
Ogbonna, I.O. and Ogbonna, J.C. (2015) Isolation of Microalgae Species from Arid Environments of Northern Nigeria and Evaluation of Their Potentials for Biodiesel Production. African Journal of Biotechnology, 14, 1596-1604.
https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2014.14327
[18]
Eze, C.N., Ogbonna, J.C., Ogbonna, I.O. and Aoyagi, H. (2017) A Novel Flat Plate Air-Lift Photobioreactor Installed with Inclined Reflective Broth Circulation Guide for Improved Biomass and Lipid Productivity by Desmodesmus subspicatus LC172266. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29, 2745-2754.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1153-z
[19]
Bligh, E.G. and Dyer, W.J. (1959) A Rapid Method of Total Lipid Extraction and Purification. Canadian Journal of Biochemistry and Physiology, 37, 911-917.
https://doi.org/10.1139/o59-099
[20]
Talebi, A.F. Tabatabaei, M. and Chisti, Y. (2014) Biodiesel Analyzer: A User-Friendly Software for Predicting the Properties of Prospective Biodiesel. Biofuel Research Journal, 1, 55-57.
American Public Health Association Part 10000 (1998) Biological Examinations, Section 1020. In: Clesceri, L.S., Greenberg, A.E. and Eaton, A.D., Eds., Standards Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington DC.
[23]
Ademoroti, C.M.A. (1996) Standard Methods for Water and Effluents Analysis. Foludex Press Ltd., Ibadan.
[24]
Ezeh, E., Okeke, O., Aburu, C.M. and Anya, O.U. (2018) Comparative Evaluation of the Cyanide and Heavy Metal Levels in Traditionally Processed Cassava Meal Products Sold within Enugu Metropolis. International Journal of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, 12, 46-52.
[25]
Sawyerr, O.H., Odipe, O.E., Olalekan, R.M. and Ogungbemi, O.H. (2018) Assessment of Cyanide and Some Heavy Metals Concentration in Consumable Cassava Flour “Lafun” Acrsoo Osogbo Metropolis, Nigeria. MOJ Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 3, 369-372. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2018.03.00115
[26]
Rui, C.B., Rong, L.C., Lauren, D.A., Yan, L.A.R., Jan, S.B. and Wei, L.A. (2012) Freshwater Algal Cultivation with Animal Waste for Nutrient Removal and Biomass Production. Biomass and Bioenergy, 39, 128-138.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.12.045
[27]
Xu, H., Miao, X.L. and Wu, Q.Y. (2006) High Quality Biodiesel Production from a Microalga Chlorella protothecoides by Heterotrophic Growth in Fermenters. Journal of Biotechnology, 126, 499-507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.05.002
[28]
Cheng, Y., Lu, Y., Gao, C.F. and Wu, Q.Y. (2009) Alga-Based Biodiesel Production and Optimization Using Sugar Cane as the Feedstock. Energy and Fuels, 23, 4166-4173.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef9003818
[29]
Griffiths, J.M. and Harrison, T.L. (2009) Lipid Productivity as a Key Characteristic for Choosing Algal Species for Biodiesel Production. Journal of Applied Phycology, 21, 493-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-008-9392-7
[30]
Knothe, G. (2008) ‘‘Designer” Biodiesel: Optimizing Fatty Ester Composition to Improve Fuel Properties. Energy & Fuels, 22, 1358-1364.
https://doi.org/10.1021/ef700639e
[31]
Bhatt, N.C., Panwar, A., Bisht, T.S. and Tamta, S. (2014) Coupling of Algal Biofuel Production with Wastewater. The Scientific World Journal, 2014, Article ID: 210504.
[32]
Nguyen, T.D.P., Nguyen, D.H., Lim, J.W., Chang, C.K., Leong, H.Y., Tran, T.N.T., Vu, T.B.H., Nguyen, T.T.C. and Show, P.L. (2019) Investigation of the Relationship between Bacteria Growth and Lipid Production Cultivating of Microalgae Chlorella vulgaris in Seafood Wastewater. Energies, 12, Article No. 2282.
https://doi.org/10.3390/en12122282
[33]
Leong, W.H., Kiatkittipong, K., Kiatkittipong, W., Cheng, Y.W., Lam, M.K., Shamsuddin, R., Mohamad, M. and Lim, J.W. (2020) Comparative Performances of Microalgal-Bacterial Co-Cultivation to Bioremediate Synthetic and Municipal Wastewaters Whilst Producing Biodiesel Sustainably. Processes, 8, Article No. 1427.
https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8111427
[34]
Rosli, S.S., Lim, J.W., Jumbri, K., Lam, M.K., Uemura, Y., Ho, C.D., Tan, W.N., Cheng, C.K. and Kadi, W.N.A. (2019) Modeling to Enhance Attached Microalgal Biomass Growth onto Fluidized Beds Packed in Nutrients-Rich Wastewater Whilst Simultaneously Biofixing CO2 into Lipid for Biodiesel Production. Energy Conversion and Management, 185, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2019.01.077
[35]
Leong, W.H., Lim, J.W., Lam, M.K., Lam, S.M., Sin, J.C. and Samson, A. (2021) Novel Sequential Flow Baffled Microalgae-Bacterial Photobioreactor for Enhancing Nitrogen Assimilation into Microalgal Biomass whilst Bioremediating Nutrient-Rich Wastewater Simultaneously. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 409, Article ID: 124455.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124455
