Objective:To evaluate the results of ART (clinical pregnancies and baby home rates)
in couples infected with HBV, HCV, HIV or mixed in a Referral center.Patients: The study is a retrospective case-control study comprising 1587 cycles/1064 couples in the control group and
237 cycles/164 couples in the infected group, submitted to in vitro fertilization, intracytoplasmic sperm injection and embryo transfer. Two branches from the
infected group were created: the HIV subgroup, comprising couples with one or
both partners infected with HIV-1 (84 cycles/67 couples), and the HCV subgroup,including at least one partner infected with HCV (45
cycles/29 couples). Results: The infected group presented higher
infertility duration (P < 0.001)
and so did the HCV subgroup (P <
0.001). Tubal infertility was increased in the infected group (P < 0.001), and in the HIV (P < 0.001) and HCV (P = 0.01) subgroups. Oocytes and oocytes
in metaphase II numbers were lower in the infected group, but not in the HIV
and HCV subgroups. Clinical pregnancy
rate was lower in the infected group (25.74%) when compared to the control (34.66%), probably due to the contribution of HCV individuals (17.78%), but not of HIV (28.57%). Baby home rate was lower in the infected group (21.52%) relative to
the control group (28.42%), but no differences were found in the HIV (27.38%)
and HCV (15.56%) subgroups. Conclusions: Despite the low clinical
pregnancy rate in the HCV subgroup, baby home rates did not change from
control. These data seem promising for couples with viral infections who wish
to conceive.
References
[1]
United Nations Global AIDS Update (UNAIDS). Global Report: 2016 Statistics.
https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/global-AIDS-update-2016_en.pdf
[2]
Global Report on Access to Hepatitis C Treatment, Focus on Overcoming Barriers. World Health Organization Report: 2016.
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/250625
[3]
Global Hepatitis Report. World Health Organization Report: 2017.
https://www.who.int/hepatitis/publications/global-hepatitis-report2017/en
[4]
Semprini, A.E., Macaluso, M., Hollander, L., Vucetich, A., Duerr, A., Mor, G., et al. (2013) Safe Conception for HIV-Discordant Couples: Insemination with Processed Semen from the HIV-Infected Partner. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 208, 402.e1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2013.02.009
[5]
Vernazza, P.L., Graf, I., Sonnenberg-Schwan, U., Geit, M. and Meurer, A. (2011) Preexposure Prophylaxis and Timed Intercourse for HIV-Discordant Couples Willing to Conceive a Child. AIDS, 25, 2005-2008.
https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834a36d0
[6]
Mmeje, O., Cohen, C.R. and Cohan, D. (2012) Evaluating Safer Conception Options for HIV-Serodiscordant Couples (HIV-Infected Female/HIV-Uninfected Male): A Closer Look at Vaginal Insemination. Infectious Diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2012, Article ID: 587651. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/587651
[7]
Kashima, K., Takakuwa, K., Suzuki, M., Makino, M., Kaneko, S., Kato, S., et al. (2009) Studies of Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART) for HIV-1-Discordant Couples Using Washed Sperm and the Nested PCR Method: A Comparison of the Pregnancy Rates in HIV-1-Discordant Couples and Control Couples. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases, 62, 173-176.
[8]
Nesrine, F. and Saleh, H. (2012) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Status in Newborns Born to HCV Positive Women Performing Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. African Health Sciences, 12, 58-62.
[9]
Savasi, V., Oneta, M., Parrilla, B. and Cetin, I. (2013) Should HCV Discordant Couples with a Seropositive Male Partner Be Treated with Assisted Reproduction Techniques (ART)? European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 167, 181-184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2012.12.012
[10]
Del Romero, J., Baza, M.B., Río, I., Jerónimo, A., Vera, M., Hernando, V., et al. (2016) Natural Conception in HIV-Serodiscordant Couples with the Infected Partner in Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy: A Prospective Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore), 95, e4398. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000004398
[11]
Ohl, J., Partisani, M., Wittemer, C., Lang, J.M., Viville, S. and Favre, R. (2005) Encouraging Results Despite Complexity of Multidisciplinary Care of HIV-Infected Women Using Assisted Reproduction Techniques. Human Reproduction, 20, 3136-3140. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei185
[12]
Hanafi, N.F., Abo Ali, A.H. and Abo el kheir, H.F. (2011) ICSI Outcome in Women Who Have Positive PCR Result for Hepatitis C Virus. Human Reproduction, 26, 143-147. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deq317
[13]
Santulli, P., Gayet, V., Fauque, P., Chopin, N., Dulioust, E., Wolf, J.P., et al. (2011) HIV-Positive Patients Undertaking ART Have Longer Infertility Histories than Age-Matched Control Subjects. Fertility and Sterility, 95, 507-512.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.09.018
[14]
Vankerkem, P., Manigart, Y., Delvigne, A., Ameye, L., Konopnicki, D., Shaw-Jackson, C., et al. (2017) In Vitro Fertilization When Men, Women, or Both Partners Are Positive for HIV: A Case-Control Study. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 295, 1493-1507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-017-4374-0
[15]
Englert, Y., Moens, E., Vannin, A.S., Liesnard, C., Emiliani, S., Delbaere, A., et al. (2007) Impaired Ovarian Stimulation during in Vitro Fertilization in Women Who Are Seropositive for Hepatitis C Virus and Seronegative for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Fertility and Sterility, 88, 607-611.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.177
[16]
Terriou, P., Auquier, P., Chabert-Orsini, V., Chinchole, J.M., Cravello, L., Giorgetti, C., et al. (2005) Outcome of ICSI in HIV-1-Infected Women. Human Reproduction, 20, 2838-2843. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei119
[17]
Coll, O., Suy, A., Figueras, F., Vernaeve, V., Martínez, E., Mataró, D., et al. (2006) Decreased Pregnancy Rate after In-Vitro Fertilization in HIV-Infected Women Receiving HAART. AIDS, 20, 121-123.
https://doi.org/10.1097/01.aids.0000196161.25647.35
[18]
McCormack, S.A. and Best, B.M. (2014) Protecting the Fetus against HIV Infection: A Systematic Review of Placental Transfer of Antiretrovirals. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, 53, 989-1004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-014-0185-7
[19]
Spera, A.M., Eldin, T.K., Tosone, G. and Orlando, R. (2016) Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C: Has Anything Changed for Pregnant/Lactating Women? World Journal of Hepatology, 8, 557-565. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v8.i12.557
[20]
Nicopoullos, J.D., Almeida, P.A., Ramsay, J.W. and Gilling-Smith, C. (2004) The Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Sperm Parameters and the Outcome of Intrauterine Insemination Following Sperm Washing. Human Reproduction, 19, 2289-2297. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deh426
[21]
Lorusso, F., Palmisano, M., Chironna, M., Vacca, M., Masciandaro, P., Bassi, E., et al. (2010) Impact of Chronic Viral Diseases on Semen Parameters. Andrologia, 42, 121-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.00970.x
[22]
Hofny, E.R., Ali, M.E., Taha, E.A., Nafeh, H.M., Sayed, D.S., Abdel-Azeem, H.G., et al. (2011) Semen and Hormonal Parameters in Men with Chronic Hepatitis C Infection. Fertility and Sterility, 95, 2557-2559.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.014
[23]
La Vignera, S., Condorelli, R.A., Vicari, E., D’Agata, R. and Calogero, A.E. (2012) Sperm DNA Damage in Patients with Chronic Viral C Hepatitis. European Journal of Internal Medicine, 23, 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2011.08.011
[24]
Lao, T.T., Mak, J.S.M. and Li, T.C. (2017) Hepatitis B Virus Infection Status and Infertility Causes in Couples Seeking Fertility Treatment-Indicator of Impaired Immune Response? American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 77, e12636.
https://doi.org/10.1111/aji.12636
[25]
Freour, T., Masson, D., Mirallie, S., Jean, M., Bach, K., Dejoie, T., et al. (2008) Active Smoking Compromises IVF Outcome and Affects Ovarian Reserve. Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 16, 96-102.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60561-5
[26]
Mostafa, R.M., Nasrallah, Y.S., Hassan, M.M., Farrag, A.F., Majzoub, A. and Agarwal, A. (2017) The Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Human Seminal Parameters, Sperm Chromatin Structure and Condensation. Andrologia, 50, e12910.
https://doi.org/10.1111/and.12910
[27]
Martinet, V., Manigart, Y., Rozenberg, S., Becker, B., Gerard, M. and Delvigne, A. (2006) Ovarian Response to Stimulation of HIV-Positive Patients during IVF Treatment: A Matched, Controlled Study. Human Reproduction, 21, 1212-1217.
https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei493
[28]
Stora, C., Epelboin, S., Devouche, E., Matheron, S., Epelboin, L., Yazbeck, C., et al. (2016) Women Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Have Poorer Assisted Reproduction Outcomes: A Case-Control Study. Fertility and Sterility, 105, 1193-1201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.12.138
[29]
Ohl, J. and Partisani, M. (2007) The Desire to Become a Parent When Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis C Virus or Hepatitis B Virus. Gynécologie Obstétrique & Fertilité, 35, 1035-1038.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gyobfe.2007.06.013
[30]
Surveillance Report, Annual Epidemiological Report for 2015—HIV and AIDS.
https://ecdc.europa.eu/sites/portal/files/documents/AER_for_2015-HIV-AIDS.pdf
[31]
Surveillance Report, Annual Epidemiological Report for 2015—Hepatitis C.
https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/hepatitis-c/surveillance-and-disease-data
[32]
Nurudeen, S.K., Grossman, L.C., Bourne, L., Guarnaccia, M.M., Sauer, M.V. and Douglas, N.C. (2013) Reproductive Outcomes of HIV Seropositive Women Treated by Assisted Reproduction. Journal of Women’s Health (Larchmt), 22, 243-249.
https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2012.3855
