The evaluation of gross alpha and beta activities in crude oil contaminated soil, sediment and water samples was conducted in ten oil polluted environment of Delta State using Gas-flow proportional counter. Samples were collected from the oil polluted environment in each oil field and samples were prepared and analyzed following standard procedures. The mean gross alpha and beta activities obtained are 331.4 ± 24.5 Bq kg-1 and 11,335 ± 112 Bq kg-1 respectively for soil, 259.2 ± 17.6 Bq kg-1 and 4508 ± 96 Bq kg-1 respectively for sediment, and 1.00 ± 0.09 Bq kg-1 and 20.3 ± 1.7 Bq kg-1 respectively for water. The estimated average values of the total annual effective dose equivalent (AEDET (α,β)), the total annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDET (α,β))), and the total excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCRT (α,β)) are 10.64 mSv y-1, 0.037 μSv y-1 and 0.037 μSv y-1 respectively. The gross alpha and beta activities values obtained in soil and sediment were relatively high compared to values reported in some parts of the country and other regions and countries of the world. The radiological risk parameters examined show that AEDET (α,β) and AGDET (α,β) are above recommended permissible limits while ELCRT (α,β) is within the recommended permissible limit. The overall results obtained in this study indicate that the environmental samples have been radiologically impaired due to the crude oil spillage. An appropriate remediation technique was therefore recommended to remediate the polluted soil, sediment, and water to their near original state.
References
[1]
Ogundare, F.O. and Adekoya, O.I. (2015) Gross Alpha and Beta Radioactivity in Surface Soil and Drinkable Water around a Steel Processing Facility. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 8, 411-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2015.02.009
[2]
Avwiri, G.O. and Ebeniro, J.O. (1998) External Environmental Radiation in an Industrial Area of Rivers State. Nigerian Journal of Physics, 10, 105-107.
[3]
Foland, C.K., Kirland, T.K. and Vinnikoov, K. (1995) Observed Climate Variations and Changes (IPCC Scientific Assessment). Cambridge University Press, New York, 101-105.
[4]
Pujol, L. and Sanchez-Cabeza, J.A. (2000) Natural and Artificial Radioactivity in Surface Waters of the Ebro River Basin (Northeast Spain). Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 51, 181-210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(00)00076-X
[5]
Elena, B. and Grecea, C. (2004) Radiological Impact Assessment on Behalf of Oil and Gas Industry. The Journal of Preventive Medicine, 12, 16-21.
[6]
Avwiri, G.O. and Agbalagba, E.O. (2007) Survey of Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Radionuclide Activity in Okpare-Creek Delta State Nigeria. Asian Journal of Applied Science, 7, 3542-3546. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2007.3542.3546
[7]
ICRP (International Commission on Radiological Protection) (1991) The 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 21, No. 1-3, Pergamon Press, Oxford, Publication 60.
[8]
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) (1996) International Basic Safety Standards for Protection against Ionizing Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation Sources. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna.
[9]
Muhammad, B.G., Jaafar, M.S. and Akpa, T.C. (2010) A Survey of Gross Alpha and Beta Activity Concentrations in Groundwater from Katsina Area of Northern Nigeria. Oxford Journals of Mathematics & Physical Sciences & Medicine Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 141, 127-133. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncq162
[10]
Avwiri, G.O. and Agbalagba, E.O. (2012) Studies on the Radiological Impact of Oil and Gas Activities in Oil Mineral Lease 30 (OML3) Oil Fields in Delta State, Nigeria. Journal of Petroleum and Environmental Biotechnology, 3, Article No. 115. https://doi.org/10.4172/2157-7463.1000115
[11]
Bunotto, D.M. and Bueno, T.O. (2008) The Natural Radioactivity in Guarani Aquifer Groundwater, Brazil. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 66, 1507-1522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2008.03.008
[12]
Gruber, V., Maringer, F.J. and Landstetter, C. (2009) Radon and Other Natural Radionuclides in Drinking Water in Austria: Measurement and Assessment. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 67, 913-917. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2009.01.056
[13]
Laogun, A.A., Ajayi, N.O. and Agaja, S.A. (2006) Variation in Well Head Gamma Radiation Levels at the Nigeria Petroleum Development Company Oil Field, Ologbo Ede State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal Physics, 18, 135-140. https://doi.org/10.4314/njphy.v18i1.38093
[14]
Avwiri, G.O., Agbalagba, E.O. and Enyinna, P.I. (2008) Radioactivity Concentration and Distribution in River Forcados Delta State, Nigeria. Scientia Africana, 7, 128-135.
[15]
Agbalagba, E.O., Avwiri, G.O. and Chadumoren, E.Y. (2013) Gross Alpha and Beta Activity Concentration and Estimation of Adults and Infants Dose Intake in Surface and Ground Water of Ten Oil Fields Environment in Western Niger Delta of Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 17, 267-277. https://doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v17i2.10
[16]
Hardaway, C., Sneddon, J. and Beck, J.N. (2004) Determination of Metals in Crude Oil by Spectroscopy. Analytical letters, 37, 2881-2899. https://doi.org/10.1081/AL-200035776
[17]
Abison, A.S. (2001) Radiographic Operations and Safety in the Nigeria Petroleum Industry. Health Physics, 80, 179-181. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-200102000-00013
[18]
Arogunjo, A.M., Farai, I.P. and Fuwape, I.A. (2004) Dose Rate Assessment of Terrestrial Gamma Radiation in the Delta Region of Nigeria. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 108, 73-77. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nch010
[19]
Hoeppel, R.E. and Hinchee, R.E. (1994) Enhanced Biodegradation for On-Site Remediation of Contaminated Soils and Groundwater. In: Wilson, D.J. and Clarke, A.N., Eds., Hazardous Waste Site Soil Remediation: Theory and Application of Innovative Technologies, M. Dekker, New York, 311-431.
[20]
Gopalan, A., Zincircioglu, O. and Smith, P. (1993) Minimization and Remediation of DOE Nuclear Waste Problems Using High Selectivity Actinide Chelators. Radioactive Waste Management and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle, 17, 161-175.
[21]
Bellandi, R. (Ed.) (1995) Innovative Engineering Technologies for Hazardous Waste Remediation. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
[22]
Tsang K.W., Dugan P.R. and Pfister, R.M. (1994) Mobilization of Bi, Cd, Pb, Th, and U Ions from Contaminated Soil and the Influence of Bacteria on the Process. In: William Tedder D. and Pohland, F.G., Eds., Emerging Technologies in Hazardous Waste Management IV, Vol. 554, American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 78-93. https://doi.org/10.1021/bk-1994-0554.ch005
[23]
Taiwo, B.A. and Akalia, T.C. (2009) Spatial Variation in Groundwater Geochemistry and Water Quality Index in Port Harcourt. Rivers State, Nigeria. Scientia Africana, 8, 134-155.
[24]
International Organization for Standardization (1992) Water Quality-Measurement of Gross α Activity in Non-Saline Water-Thick Source Method. International Organization for Standardization, London.
[25]
Onoja, R.A., Akpa, T.C., Malam, S.P. and Ibeanu, I.G.E. (2004) Characteristics of the Gross α/β Counter in the Center for Energy Research and Training. Zaria. Nigerian Journal of Physics, 16, 13-18.
[26]
WHO (World Health Organization) (2017) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. 4th Edition, World Health Organization, Geneva.
[27]
International Organization for Standardization (1992) Water Quality-Measurement of Gross ? Activity in Non-Saline Water-Thick Source Method. International Organization for Standardization, London.
[28]
Anekwe, U.L., Avwiri, G.O. and Abumere, O.E. (2013) Evaluation of the Gross Alpha and Beta Radionuclide Activity within Some Selected Oil Producing Fields in Rivers State, Nigeria. American Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, 4, 546-554.
[29]
Meindinyo, R.K. and Agbalagba, E.O. (2012) Radioactivity Concentration and Heavy Metal Assessment of Soil and Water, in and around Imigrin Oil Field, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 4, 29-34.
[30]
Dimovska, S., Stafilov, T. and Sajn, R. (2011) Radioactivity in Soil from the City of Kavadarci (Republic of Macedonia) and Its Environs. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 148, 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncq601
[31]
Alam, M.N.C., Kamal, M.I., Ghose, M., Islam, S. and Anwaruddin, M. (1999) Radiological Assessment of Drinking Water of the Chittagong Region of Bangladesh. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 82, 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a032626
[32]
Damla, N., Cevik, U., Karahan, G. and Kobya, A.I. (2006) Gross Alpha and Beta; Activities in Tap Waters in Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey. Chemosphere, 62, 957-960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.05.051
[33]
Gorur, F.K., Keser, R., Akcay, N., As, N. and Dizman, S. (2011) Annual Effective Dose and Concentration Levels of Gross Alpha and Beta in Turkish Market Tea. Iran Journal of Radiation Research, 10, 67-72.
[34]
World Health Organization (2003) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 3rd Edition, World Health Organization, Geneva, 197-210.
[35]
Enyinna P.I. and Avwiri, G.O. (2014) Quantitative Analyses of the Gross Alpha and Beta Activity Status of Some Oil Producing Domains in Abia State, Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Research in Physical Science, 1, 1-8.
[36]
Fasasi, K.P. (2013) Gross Alpha and Beta activity Concentrations and Committed Effective Dose Due to Intake of Ground Water in Ado-Ekiti Metropolis; the Capital City of Ekiti State, Southwestern, Nigeria. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 3, 61-66.
[37]
Sajo-Bohus, L., Gomez, J., Capote, T., Greaves, E.D., Herrera, O., Salazer, V. and Smith, A. (1997) Gross & Alpha; Radioactivity of Drinking Water in Venezuela. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 35, 305-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0265-931X(96)00056-2
[38]
Sohrabi, M., Alirezazadeh, N. and Ahmadi, H.T. (1998) A Survey of 222Rn Concentrations in Domestic Water Supplies of Iran. Health Physics, 75, 417-421. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199810000-00009
[39]
Duenas, C., Fernandez, M.C., Liger, E. and Carretero, J. (1997) Natural Radioactivity levels in Bottled Water in Spain. Water Resources, 31, 1919-1924. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(97)00038-9
[40]
Davila Rangel, J.I., López del Rìo, H., Mireles Garcìa, F., Quirino Torres, L.L., Vilalba, M.L., Colmenero Sujo, L. and Montero Cabrera, M.E. (2002) Radioactivity in Bottled Waters Sold in Mexico. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 56, 931-936. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-8043(02)00047-7
[41]
Akyil, S., Erees, F.S. and Olmez, S. (1996) Gross Alpha;-Particle Activities in the Ground Waters in Western Anatolia. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 47, 709-711. https://doi.org/10.1016/0969-8043(96)00005-X
[42]
Malanca, A., Repetti, M. and de Macedo, H.R. (1998) Gross Alpha and Beta-Activities in Surface and Ground Water of Rio Grando do Norte, Brazil. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 49, 893-898. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-8043(97)00298-4
[43]
Yarar, Y. and Kam, E. (2005) Environmental Radioactivity Concentrations of Tekirdag. International Congress Series, 1276, 387-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2004.11.047
[44]
UNSCEAR (United Nationals, Sources and Effects of Atomic Radiation) (2000) Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation, Report to the General Assemble, Annex B exposure from Natural Radiation Sources. United Nations, New York.
[45]
Mangset, W.E., Ike, E.E., Christopher, L.D., Solomon, A.O. and Mallam, S.P. (2014) Evaluation of the Radiation Hazard Indices and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Due to Natural Radioactivity in Ground Water Mining Areas of Plateau State. International Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 5, 9-23.
[46]
World Health Organization (2004) Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. 3rd Edition, World Health Organization, Geneva.
[47]
Selçuk, Z.O, Ceylan, H. and Dogru, M. (2009) Gross Alpha and Beta Radioactivity Concentration in Water, Soil and Sediment of the Bendimahi River and Van Lake (Turkey). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 148, 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0137-x
[48]
Kam, E. and Bozkurt, A. (2007) Environmental radioactivity Measurements in Kastamonu Region of Northern Turkey. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 65, 440-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apradiso.2006.11.005
[49]
Saidu, A., Baba-Kutigi, A. and Buda, S. (2012) Determination of Gross Alpha Radioactivity in Underground Water in Usmanu Danfodiyo University Permanent site, Sokoto. International Journal of Science and Advance Technology, 2, 1-4.
[50]
Baba-Kutigi, A.N., Basiru, Y.A., Sa’idu, A., Sanusi, R.K. and Sanusi, A. (2012) Analysis of Gross Alpha and Beta Radioactivity in Sachet Water Hawked in Birnin Kebbi, Kebbi State. International Journal of Science and Advance Technology, 2, 11-16.
[51]
Chandrasekaran A., Ravisankar, R., Senthilkumar, G., Thillaivelavan, K., Dhinakaran, B., Vijayagopal, P., Bramha, S.N. and Venkatraman, B. (2014) Spatial Distribution and Lifetime Cancer Risk Due to Gamma Radioactivity in Yelagiri Hills, Tamilnadu, India. Egyptian Journal of Basic Sciences, 24, 38-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbas.2014.02.001
[52]
L. Xinwei, W. Lingqing, J. Xiaodan, Y. Leipeng and D. Gelian (2006) Specific Activity and Hazards of Archeozoic-Cambrian Rock Samples Collected from the Weibei Area of Shaanxi, China. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 118, 352-359. https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nci339
[53]
Jankowski, J., Chuscielewski, W., Kamimski, Z. and Zak, A. (2011) Natural Radioactivity of Underground Water Supplies in the Region Laulz in Poland. Proceedings of the IRPA 10 on Scientific Topics-1 Natural Radiation Exposure, Hiroshima, 14-19 May 2000, 1.
[54]
Ononugbo, C.P., Avwiri, G.O. and Agbalagba, E.O. (2017) Radioactivity Pollution and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Due to Gamma Exposure of Soil and Ground Water around Open Landfills in Rivers State, Nigeria. Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 11, 4121-4130.
[55]
Taskin, H., Karavus, M., Ay, P., Topuzoghi, A., Hindiroglu, S. and Karaha, G. (2009) Radionuclide Concentrations in Soil and Lifetime Cancer Risk Due to the Gamma Radioactivity in Kirklareli, Turkey. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 100, 49-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2008.10.012
