Over the past few years, research on the quality of air and
microorganisms present in the atmosphere and
spore composition of the environment has increased significantly, due to
concerns over health risks for humans, plants, and animals. This study shows
the abundance and diversity of microorganisms and the atmosphere of an urban nucleus,
that is, the city of Valladolid (Spain). We considered the conditions of
precipitation, humidity and wind, and the
presence of some atmospheric pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and nitrogen
monoxide (NO2/NO), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide, and
particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5). After their deposition present at five geographic points with different environmental conditions, differences were observed in the proportion of bacteria
growth which was characterized by growth in several specific culture
media. Most identified the Gram-negative bacteria identified in the air samples
collected belong to the genera Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
References
[1]
Burrows, S.M., Elbert, W., Lawrence, M.G. and Pöschl, U. (2009) Bacteria in the Global Atmosphere—Part 1: Review and Synthesis of Literature Data for Different Ecosystems. Atmosphere Chemical Physics, 9, 9263-9280. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-9263-2009
[2]
Brodie, E.L., DeSantis, T.Z., Parker, J.P., Zubietta, I.X., Piceno, Y.M. and Andersen, G.L. (2007) Urban Aerosols Harbor Diverse and Dynamic Bacterial Populations. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104, 299-304. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608255104
[3]
Kellogg, C.A. and Griffin, D.W. (2006) Aerobiology and the Global Transport of Desert Dust. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 638-644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2006.07.004
[4]
De La Rosa, M., Mosso, M. and Ullán, C. (2002) El aire: Hábitat y medio de transmisión de microorganismos. Observatorio Medioambiental, 5, 375-402. https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/OBMD/article/view/OBMD0202110375A/21767
[5]
Martín, A., Béjar, V., Gutiérrez, J., Llagostera, M. and Quesada, E. (2019) Microbiología esencial. In: Panamericana, Ed. Medica, Madrid, 103-693.
[6]
Womack, A.M., Bohannan, B.J. and Green, J.L. (2010) Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Atmosphere. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 365, 3645-3653. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0283
[7]
Möhler, O., Demott, P.J., Vali, G. and Levin, Z. (2007) Microbiology and Atmospheric Processes: The Role of Biological Particles in Cloud Physics. Biogeosciences, 4, 1059-1071. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-1059-2007
[8]
Després, V.R., Huffman, J.A., Burrows, S.M., Hoose, C., Safatov, A.S., Buryak, G., Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J., Elbert, W., Andreae, M.O., Pöschl, U. and Jaenicke, R. (2012) Primary Biological Aerosol Particles in the Atmosphere: A Review. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, 64, 15598. https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.15598
[9]
Morris, C.E., Sands, D.C., Bardin, M., Jaenicke, R., Vogel, B., Leyronas, C., Ariya, P.A. and Psenner, R. (2011) Microbiology and Atmospheric Processes: Research Challenges Concerning the Impact of Airborne Microorganisms on the Atmosphere and Climate. Biogeosciences, 8, 17-25. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-17-2011
[10]
Tignat-Perrier, R., Dommergue, A., Thollot, A., Keuschnig, C., Magand, O., Vogel, T.M. and Larose, C. (2019) Global Airborne Microbial Communities Controlled by Surrounding Landscapes and Wind Conditions. Scientific Reports, 9, Article No. 14441. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51073-4
[11]
Hameed, A. and Habeeballah, T. (2013) Air Microbial Contamination at the Holy Mosque, Makkah, Saudi Arabia. Current World Environment, 8, 179-187. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.8.2.03
[12]
Nordengrün, M., Michalik, S., Völker, U., Bröker, B.M. and Gómez-Gascón, L. (2018) The Quest for Bacterial Allergens. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, 308, 738-750. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2018.04.003
[13]
Estillore, A.D., Trueblood, J.V. and Grassian, V.H. (2016) Atmospheric Chemistry of Bioaerosols: Heterogeneous and Multiphase Reactions with Atmospheric Oxidants and Other Trace Gases. Chemical Science, 7, 6604-6616. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6SC02353C
[14]
Joung, Y.S., Ge, Z. and Buie, C.R. (2017) Bioaerosol Generation by Raindrops on Soil. Nature Communications, 8, Article No. 14668. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14668
[15]
Gusareva, E.S., Acerbi, E., Lau, K., Luhung, I., Premkrishnan, B., Kolundzija, S., Purbojati, R.W., Wong, A., Houghton, J., Miller, D., Gaultier, N.E., Heinle, C.E., Clare, M.E., Vettath, V.K., Kee, C., Lim, S., Chénard, C., Phung, W.J., Kushwaha, K.K., Nee, A.P., Putra, A., Panicker, D., Yanqing, K., Hwee, Y.Z., Lohar, S.R., Kuwata, M., Kim, H.L., Yang, L., Uchida, A., Drautz-Moses, D.I., Junqueira, A.C.M. and Schuster, S.C. (2019) Microbial Communities in the Tropical Air Ecosystem Follow a Precise Diel Cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116, 23299-23308. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1908493116
[16]
Agencia Estatal de Meteorología. Atlas Agroclimático Castilla y León 2013, 7-65. Aemet.
[17]
Red de Control de la Contaminación Atmosférica del Ayuntamiento de Valladolid (RCCAVA) (2019). https://www.valladolid.es/es/rccava
[18]
Buttner, M.P. and Stetzenbach, L.D. (1993) Monitoring Airborne Fungal Spores in an Experimental Indoor Environment to Evaluate Sampling Methods and the Effects of Human Activity on Air Sampling. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59, 219-226. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.59.1.219-226.1993
[19]
Canha, N., Almeida, S., do Carmo Freitas, M. and Wolterbeek, H. (2015) Assessment of Bioaerosols in Urban and Rural Primary Schools Using Passive and Active Sampling Methodologies. Archives of Environmental Protection, 41, 11-22. https://doi.org/10.1515/aep-2015-0034
[20]
Méndez-Puentes, C., Camacho-Suárez, J. and Echeverry-Hernández, S. (2015) Identification of Bacteria and Fungi in the Air of Neiva, Colombia. Revista Salud Pública, 17, 728-737. https://doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v17n5.38468
[21]
Beveridge, T.J. (2001) Use of the Gram Stain in Microbiology. Biotechnic & Histochemistry: Official Publication of the Biological Stain Commission, 76, 111-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/bih.76.3.111.118
[22]
Kaiser, D. (2000) Bacterial Motility: How Do Pili Pull? Current Biology, 10, R777-R780. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-9822(00)00764-8
[23]
Gangamma, S. (2014) Characteristics of Airborne Bacteria in Mumbai Urban Environment. The Science of the Total Environment, 488-489, 70-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.065
[24]
Lam, H.T., Ekerljung, L., Bjerg, A., Van, T., Tng, N., Lundbäck, B. and Rönmark, E. (2014) Sensitization to Airborne Allergens among Adults and Its Impact on Allergic Symptoms: A Population Survey in Northern Vietnam. Clinical and Translational Allergy, 4, Article No. 6. https://doi.org/10.1186/2045-7022-4-6
[25]
Fontes, B., CattaniHeimbecker, A.M., de Souza Brito, G., Costa, S.F., van der Heijden, I.M., Levin, A.S. and Rasslan, S. (2012) Effect of Low-Dose Gaseous Ozone on Pathogenic Bacteria. BMC Infectious Disease Journal, 12, 358. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-12-358
[26]
Aguilera, A., de Diego Castilla, G., Osuna, S., Mora, R., Sor, S., Blanco, Y. and Gonzalez-Toril, E. (2018) Microbial Ecology in the Atmosphere: The Last Extreme Environment.
[27]
Griffin, D.W. (2007) Atmospheric Movement of Microorganisms in Clouds of Desert Dust and Implications for Human Health. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 20, 459-477. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00039-06
[28]
Monteiro, A., Almeida, B., Paciência, I., CavaleiroRufo, J., Ribeiro, E., Carolino, E., Viegas, C., Uva, A.S. and Verde, S.C. (2021) Bacterial Contamination in Health Care Centers: Differences between Urban and Rural Settings. Atmosphere, 12, 450. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12040450
[29]
Silhavy, T.J., Kahne, D. and Walker, S. (2010) The Bacterial Cell Envelope. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 2, a000414. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a000414
[30]
CárdabaArranz, M., Muñoz Moreno, M.F., Armentia Medina, A., Alonso Capitán, M., Carreras Vaquer, F. and Almaraz Gómez, A. (2014) Health Impact Assessment of Air Pollution in Valladolid, Spain. BMJ Open, 4, e005999. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005999
[31]
Brook, R.D., Rajagopalan, S., Popell. C.A., Brook, J.R., Bhatnagar, A., Diez-Roux, A.V., Holguin, F., Hong, R., Luepker, R.V., Mittleman, M.A., Peters, A., Siscovick, D., Smith Jr., S.C., Whitsel, L. and Kaufman, J.D. (2010) Particulate Matter Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease: An Update to the Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 121, 2331-2378. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1
[32]
Jones, A.M. and Harrison, R.M. (2004) The Effects of Meteorological Factors on Atmospheric Bioaerosol Concentrations—A Review. Science of the Total Environment, 326, 151-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.11.021
