Contribution of Agro-Hydrological Modeling in the Evaluation of Water Availability of an Ungauged Basin Reservoir in C？te d’Ivoire: Case of the Loka Reservoir in Bouaké
The
city of Bouaké, the second biggest city of Côte d’Ivoire, experienced
a water shortage in 2018 that lasted four months due to the drying up of the
Loka reservoir, which supplies two-thirds of the city. The challenge of the
Loka reservoir is that it is located in an ungauged basin where very few
hydrological studies have been carried out, despite the recurrent problems of
access to drinking water. In the purpose to better understand the phenomena
that caused this temporary drying of the dam, the methodology implemented was
based on agro-hydrological modeling with SWAT using a regionalization technique
of a nearby watershed. The model performance was assessed using three
statistical indices (the Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient (NS), the coefficient of determination
(R2) and the percentage of bias (PBIAS)) and the visual appreciation
of hydrographs for monthly series. The statistical indices appear satisfactory
with a NS and R2 ≥ 0.6 both for calibration and validation, and a
PBIAS of -11.2 and -3.8 respectively for calibration and validation. The hydrological
modeling of Loka basin has shown the impact of climate change already reported
by some authors as well as anthropization. Thus, while the reservoir records a
decrease in its water volume estimated at 384,604 m3 each year, the
water demand undergoes an increase of 122,033 m3 per year.
References
[1]
Diabagaté, A., Konan, G.H. and Koffi, A. (2016) Stratégies d’approvisionnement en eau potable dans l’agglomération d’Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Geo-Eco-Trop, 4, 345-360.
[2]
Kouamé, K.J. (2007) Contribution à la Gestion Intégrée des Ressources en Eaux (GIRE) du District d’Abidjan (Sud de la Côte d’Ivoire): Outils d’aide à la décision pour la prévention et la protection des eaux souterraines contre la pollution. In: Sciences de la Terre et des Ressources Minières, Université de Cocody, Cocody, 225.
[3]
Aké, G.E. (2010) Impact of Climate Variability and Anthropogenic Pressure on Waters Resources in the Bonoua Region (South-East of Côte d’Ivoire). University Félix houphouet Boigny, Abidjan, 320. (In French)
[4]
Mangoua, M.J. (2013) évaluation des potentialités et de la vulnérabilité des ressources en eau souterraine des aquifères fissurés du bassin versant de la Baya (Est de la Côte d’Ivoire). In: UFR des Géosciences et Environnement, Université Abobo-Adjamé, Abidjan, 171.
[5]
Anoh, K.A. (2014) Apport d’un SIG et du modèle agro-hydrologique SWAT dans la gestion durable des ressources en eau du bassin versant du lac de Taabo (Centre de la Côte d’Ivoire). In: Sciences de la Terre et des Ressources Minières, Félix Houphouët Boigny, Abidjan, 197.
[6]
Anoh, K.A., Kouadio, Z.A., Konaté, D., Djè, K.B., Kouassi, K.H., Koua, T.J.-J. and Dibi, B. (2021) Analysis of Climate Disruption Variability in the Sassandra River Basin Limited at Soubré (Western Côte d’Ivoire). International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research, 54, 90-101.
[7]
Koné, J., Yéo, P.A. and Koné, Y.N. (2018) L’eau est une préoccupation majeure en Côte d’Ivoire. 8.
[8]
INS, I. N. d. l. S. (2014) Recensement Général de l’Habitat et de la Population (RGPH), Répertoire des localités: Région du Sud Comoé (Côte d’Ivoire). Institut National de la Statistique, Abidjan, 47.
[9]
Djè, B.D. (2018) évaluation et planification des ressources en eau du bassin versant de la Marahoué (Centre-Ouest de la Côte d’Ivoire). Université Nangui Abrogoua, Abidjan, 83.
[10]
Kouamé, K.A. (2013) Application du modèle hydrologique distribué HYDROTEL à la simulation des écoulements des eaux en milieu tropical humide soumis aux pressions anthropiques: Cas du bassin versant du Bandama en Côte d’Ivoire. Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, 195.
[11]
Koua, T.J.J., Jourda, J.P., Kouame, K.J., Anoh, K.A., N’Dri, W.K.C., Lazar, G. and Lane, S. (2014) Effectiveness of Soil and Water Assessment Tool Model to Simulate Water Flow in a Large Agricultural Complex Watershed: Case of Buyo Lake Basin, West of Côte D’Ivoire. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 13, 1735-1742. https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2014.193
[12]
Ouedraogo, M. (2001) Contribution à l’étude de l’impact de la variabilité climatique sur les ressources en eau en Afrique de l’Ouest. Analyse des conséquences d’une sécheresse persistante: Normes hydrologiques et modélisation régionale. Université de Montpellier II (France), Montpellier, 257.
[13]
Ardoin, B.S. (2004) Variabilité hydroclimatique et impacts sur les ressources en eau de grands bassins hydrographiques en zone soudano-sahélienne. Université de Montpellier II (France), Montpellier, 330.
[14]
Goula, B.T.A., Savané, I., Konan, B., Fadika, V. and Kouadio, G.B. (2005) Etude comparative de l’impact de la variabilité climatique sur les ressources en eau des bassins du N’zo et du N’zi en Côte d’Ivoire. Sciences et Nature, 2, 107-120. https://doi.org/10.4000/vertigo.2038
[15]
Kouassi, A.M. (2007) Caractérisation d’une modification éventuelle de la relation pluie-débit et ses impacts sur les ressources en eau en Afrique de l’Ouest: Cas du bassin versant du N’zi (Bandama) en Côte d’Ivoire. Université de Cocody, Abidjan, 210.
[16]
Kouassi, A.M., Kouamé, K.F., Koffi, Y.B., Dje, K.B., Paturel, J.E. and Oulare, S. (2010) Analysis of Climate Variability and of Its Influences on Seasonal Rainfall Regimes in West Africa: Case of the N’zi (Bandama) Watershed in Ivory Coast. Cybergeo: European Journal of Geography, 503, 35-58.
[17]
Anoh, K.A., Jourda, J.P., Kouamé, K.J., Koua, T.J.J., éba, E.A.L. and Lazar, G. (2012) Demarcation of Protection Perimeters for Surface Waters of Taabo (Ivory Coast) Watershed Using GIS and Multicriteria Analysis. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal, 11, 2123-2131. https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2012.264
[18]
Anoh, K.A., Koua, T.J.J., Eblin, S.G., Kouamé, K.J. and Jourda, J.P. (2017) Modelling Freshwater Availability Using SWAT Model at a Catchment-Scale in Ivory Coast. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 5, 70-83. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2017.513005
[19]
Anoh, K.A., Koua, T.J.J., Eblin, S.G., Koudou, A., Kouamé, K.J., Jourda, J.P. and Lazar, G. (2018) Mapping of the Lake Taabo Watershed Surface Waters Intrinsic Vulnerability in Côte d’Ivoire to Diffuse Phosphorus Fluxes. Revue Internationale des Sciences et Technologie, 32, 131-152. (In French)
[20]
Anoh, K.A., Koua, T.J.J., Kouamé, K.J., Jourda, J.P. and Laurent, F. (2018) Modelling Waterflow in a Complex Watershed in Humid a Tropical Area Using Swat: A Case Study of Taabo Watershed in Ivory Coast. International Journal of River Basin Management, 16, 157-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/15715124.2017.1387122
[21]
Arnold, J.G., Allen, P.M. and Bernhardt, G. (1993) A Comprehensive Surface-Groundwater Flow Model. Journal of Hydrology, 142, 47-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90004-S
[22]
Payraudeau, S. (2002) Modélisation distribuée des flux d’azote sur des petits bassins versants méditerranéens. ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 449.
[23]
RNA 2001, R. N. d. l. A. (2004) Analyse des données. Rapports des statistiques agricoles en Côte d’Ivoire, 38.
[24]
Merz, R. and Blöschl, G. (2004) Regionalisation of Catchment Model Parameters. Journal of Hydrology, 287, 95-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.09.028
[25]
Parajka, J., Merz, R. and Blöschl, G. (2005) A Comparison of Regionalisation Methods for Catchment Model Parameters. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 9, 157-171. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-9-157-2005
[26]
Oudin, L. andréassian, V., Perrin, C., Michel, C. and Le Moine, N. (2008) Spatial Proximity, Physical Similarity, Regression and Ungaged Catchments: A Comparison of Regionalization Approaches Based on 913 French Catchments. Water Resources Research, 44, W03413. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006240
[27]
Oudin, L., Kay, A. andréassian, V. and Perrin, C. (2010) Are Seemingly Physically Similar Catchments Truly Hydrologically Similar? Water Resources Research, 46, W11558. https://doi.org/10.1029/2009WR008887
[28]
Breton-Dufour, M. (2017) étude de méthodes de régionalisation des paramètres des modèles hydrologiques et application à un bassin versant non-jaugé au Mexique, école de technologie supérieure.
[29]
Neitsch, S.L., Arnold, J.G., Kiniry, J.R. and Williams, J.R. (2011) Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation Version 2009. Texas Water Resources Institute, College Station.
[30]
Anoh, K.A., Koua, T.J.J., Yeo, W.E., Eblin, S.G., Kouame, K.J. and Jourda, J.P. (2021) Application of the Agro-Hydrologic SWAT Model on the Taabo River Basin (Côte d’Ivoire) to Evaluate the Effect of Three Vegetative Filter Strip Scenarios on Streamflow and Nutrients. Environmental Engineering & Management Journal (EEMJ), 20, 13-23. https://doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2021.002
[31]
Abbaspour, C.K. (2013) SWAT-CUP 2012: SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Programs—A User Manual. 103.
[32]
Arnold, J.G., Moriasi, D.N., Gassman, P.W., Abbaspour, K.C., White, M.J., Srinivasan, R., Santhi, C., Harmel, R., Van Griensven, A. and Van Liew, M.W. (2012) SWAT: Model Use, Calibration, and Validation. Transactions of the ASABE, 55, 1491-1508. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42256
[33]
Van Griensven, A. (2005) Sensitivity, Auto-Calibration, Uncertainty and Model Evaluation in SWAT2005. Unpublished Report, 25.
[34]
Koua, T.J.-J., Jourda, J.P., Kouame, K.J. and Anoh, K.A. (2013) Assessment of Sediment and Pollutants in Buyo Lake, Ivory Coast, Using SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) Model. Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 7, 1054-1059.
[35]
Koua, T.J.-J., Jourda, J.P., Kouame, K.J., Anoh, K.A., Balin, D. and Lane, S.N. (2014b) Potential Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Buyo Lake Basin (Southwest of Ivory Coast). International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, 8, 1094.
[36]
Koua, J.-J.T., Anoh, A.K., Soro, D.T., Kouame, J.K. and Jourda, R.J.P. (2019) Evaluation of Agricultural Practices Scenarios for Reducing Erosion in Buyo Lake Catchment (Sassandra; Côte d’Ivoire) by Use of GIS. Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 7, 154-171. https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2019.77011
[37]
Schuol, J., Abbaspour, C.K., Srinivasan, R. and Yang, H. (2008) Estimation of Freshwater Availability in the West African Sub-Continent Using the SWAT Hydrologic Model. Journal of Hydrology, 352, 30-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.12.025
[38]
Schuol, J., Abbaspour, K.C., Yang, H., Srinivasan, R. and Zehnder, J.B.A. (2008) Modeling Blue and Green Water Availability in Africa. Water Resources Research, 44, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007WR006609
[39]
Khalid, K., Ali, M.F., Abd Rahman, N.F., Mispan, M.R., Haron, S.H., Othman, Z. and Bachok, M.F. (2016) Sensitivity Analysis in Watershed Model Using SUFI-2 Algorithm. Procedia Engineering, 162, 441-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.086
[40]
Nicholson, S.E. (1980) The Nature of Rainfall Fluctuations in Subtropical West Africa. Monthly Weather Review, 108, 473-487. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0473:TNORFI>2.0.CO;2
[41]
Thiébault, M. (2010) Modélisation hydrologique d’un scénario de changement climatique sur le bassin versant du Bani avec SWAT. ENGEES, Strasbourg, 55.
[42]
Santhi, C., Arnold, J.G., Williams, J.R., Dugas, W.A., Srinivasan, R. and Hauck, L.M. (2001) Validation of the Swat Model on a Large Rwer Basin with Point and Nonpoint Sources. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 37, 1169-1188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03630.x
[43]
Moriasi, D.N., Arnold, J.G., Van Liew, M.W., Bingner, R.L., Harmel, R.D. and Veith, T.L. (2007) Model Evaluation Guidelines for Systematic Quantification of Accuracy in Watershed Simulations. Transactions of the ASABE, 50, 885-900. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.23153
[44]
Rasolomanana, S.D. (2012) Modélisation des petits bassins versants en milieu rural: Problématique des modèles fortement paramétrés. Université Laval Québec (Canada), Québec, 170.
[45]
Chaponnière, A. (2005) Hydrological Functioning of a Semi-Arid Mountainous Watershed: Case of the Rehraya Watershed (Moroccan High Atlas). National Agronomic Institute, Paris. (In French)
[46]
Getachew, H.E. and Melesse, A.M. (2012) The Impact of Land Use Change on the Hydrology of the Angereb Watershed, Ethiopia. International Journal of Water Sciences, 1, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.5772/56266
[47]
Obuobie, E. (2008) Estimation of Groundwater Recharge in the Context of Future Climate Change in the White Volta River Basin, West Africa. Ecology Series, University of Bonn, Bonn, 153.
[48]
Schuol, J. and Abbaspour, K.C. (2006) Calibration and Uncertainty Issues of a Hydrological Model (SWAT) Applied to West Africa. Advances in Geosciences, 9, 137-143. https://doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-9-137-2006
[49]
Van Liew, M.W., Arnold, J. and Bosch, D. (2005) Problems and Potential of Autocalibrating a Hydrologic Model. Transactions of the ASAE, 48, 1025-1040. https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.18514
[50]
Neitsch, S.L., Arnold, J.G., Kiniry, J.R. and Williams, J.R. (2005) Soil and Water Assessment Tool Theoretical Documentation, Version 2005. Grassland, Soil and Water Research Laboratory—Agricultural Research Service. Blackland Research Center, Temple, 476.
[51]
Romanowicz, A.A., Vanclooster, M., Rounsevell, M. and La Junesse, I. (2005) Sensitivity of the SWAT Model to the Soil and Land Use Data Parametrisation: A Case Study in the Thyle Catchment, Belgium. Ecological Modelling, 187, 27-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.01.025
[52]
Chen, L., Wang, G., Zhong, Y. and Shen, Z. (2016) Evaluating the Impacts of Soil Data on Hydrological and Nonpoint Source Pollution Prediction. Science of the Total Environment, 563-564, 19-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.107
[53]
Laurent, F., Ruelland, D. and Chapdelaine, M. (2007) Simulation de l’effet de changements de pratiques agricoles sur la qualité des eaux avec le modèle SWAT. Revue des sciences de l’eau, 20, 395-408. https://doi.org/10.7202/016913ar
[54]
Brou, Y.T. (2005) Climat, mutations socio-économiques et paysages en Côte d’Ivoire. Mémoire de synthèse des activités scientifiques présenté en vue de l’obtention de l’Habilitation à Diriger des Recherches, Université des Sciences et Techniques de Lille, France 212.
[55]
Kouamé, K.F., Bernier, M., Goné, D., Saley, M., Lefèbre, R., Soro, N. and Koudou, A. (2007) Intégration de données géospatiales dans un modèle hydrologique distribué pour la simulation des écoulements des eaux en milieu tropical humide de Côte d’Ivoire (Afrique de l’Ouest). Revue Télédétection, 7, 217-235.
