Background: Significant morbidity in children is associated with infectious diseases especially
soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections which are prevalent in sub-Saharan African countries.
The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of STH and intestinal
protozoa among schoolchildren in Lomé, Togo. Patients and Methods: In
November 2013, in each of the five districts of the Lomé-commune region, thirty
pupils per level of the third, fourth, fifth and sixth grades of five primary
schools were included. Each child submitted a single stool sample that was
analyzed by the Kato-Katz method for STH. In addition, stoolsamples of school children
selected in third and sixth grades were examined by direct visualization using
saline and Lugol’s stain for intestinal
protozoa. Results: A total of 2944 children were enrolled at 25
schools. The overall prevalence of STH at schools was 5.0% (range 1.5% to
8.6%), was higher in boys than girls, and increased with age and grade.
Hookworm was the most prevalent species (3.4% of children surveyed). Intestinal
protozoa were found in 52.2% (765/1465) of children tested and commensal
amoebae represented 22.7% of these protozoa identified. Entamoeba histolytica/dispar/moshkovskii and Giardia intestinalis were identified in 2.3% and 11.5% of children, respectively. Co-infestation was noted in 1.35% of children with intestinal helminths and 12.2% of children with
protozoa.
References
[1]
Hotez, P. and Aksoy, S. (2017) PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases: Ten Years of Progress in Neglected Tropical Disease Control and Elimination More or Less. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11, e0005355.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005355
[2]
Gall, S., Müller, I., Walter, C., Seelig, H., Steenkamp, L., Pühse, U., et al. (2017) Associations between Selective Attention and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections, Socioeconomic Status, and Physical Fitness in Disadvantaged Children in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 11, e5573.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005573
[3]
Pullan, R.L., Gitonga, C., Mwandawiro, C., Snow, R.W. and Brooker, S.J. (2013) Estimating the Relative Contribution of Parasitic Infections and Nutrition for Anaemia among School-Aged Children in Kenya. BMJ Open, 3, e001936.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001936
[4]
WHO (2017) Guideline: Preventive Chemotherapy to Control Soil-Transmitted Helmith Infections in At-Risk Population Groups. Geneva.
[5]
Dorkenoo, A.M., Bronzan, R.N. and Ayena, K.D. (2012) Nationwide Integrated Mapping of Three Neglected Tropical Diseases in Togo: Countrywide Implementation of a Novel Approach. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 17, 896-903. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03004.x
[6]
Sissinto-Savi de Tové, Y., Ogouyemi Hounto, A., Attinsounon, C.A., Affolabi, D., Damien, G.B. and Tchankpan, F. (2017) Prevalence des parasitoses intestinales au CNHU-HKM de Cotonou, Sud du Benin de 2003 à 2015. Journal de la Recherche Scientifique de l’Université de Lomé (Togo), 19, 437-444.
[7]
Bronzan, R.N., Dorkenoo, A.M., Agbo, Y.M., Halatoko, W., Layibo, Y., Yakpa, K., Sossou, E., Adjeloh, P., Teko, M., Sossou, E., Yakpa, K., Tchalim, M., Datagni, G., Seim, A. and Sognikin, K.S. (2018) Impact of Community-Based Integrated Mass Drug Administration on Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminths Prevalence in Togo. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12, e0006551.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006551
[8]
Dorkenoo, A., Gani, T.K., Layibo, Y., Agbo, M.Y., Dare, L.O. and Sego, A. (2018) Prévalence des parasites intestinaux à la prison civile de Lomé au Togo. African Journal of Medical Biology, 3, 415-423.
[9]
Djadou, K.E., Koffi, K.S., Tsolenyanu, E., Nomboh, A., Gbadoe, A. and Atakouma, Y.D. (2015) Profil des parasitoses intestinales chez l’enfant a l’hopital de Tsevie (Togo). Journal de la Recherché Scientifique de l’Université de Lomé (Togo), 17, 207-211.
[10]
Djibril, M.A., Bagny, A., Bouglouga, O., M’Ba, F., Redah, D. and Agbetra, A. (2010) Parasitoses Digestives: Aspects épidemiologique et étiologique dans le service d’hepato-gastro-enterologie du Chu-Campus de Lome. Journal de la Recherché Scientifique de l’Université de Lomé (Togo), 12, 273-280.
https://doi.org/10.4314/jrsul.v12i2.68114
[11]
Ministere de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique/Division de l’information sanitaire (2019) Annuaire des statistiques sanitaires au Togo pour l’année 2018.
[12]
WHO (2010) Operational Guide to Mapping of Schistomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis and Evaluation of Control Programmes.
[13]
Vovor, A., Lawson, E. and Sossou, E. (2008) Anémie et parasitoses intestinales en milieu scolaire dans la commune de Lomé au Togo. Journal de la Société de Biologie Clinique, 12, 5-10.
[14]
Sitotaw, B., Mekuriaw, H. and Damtie, D. (2019) Prevalence of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and Associated Risk Factors among Jawi Primary School Children, Jawi Town, Northwest Ethiopia. BMC Infectious Diseases, 19, 341-350.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-3971-x
[15]
Alvarez Di Fino, E.M., Rubio, J., Abril, M.C., Porcasi, X. and Periago, M.V. (2020) Risk Map Development for Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections in Argentina. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 14, e0008000.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0008000
[16]
Tchuem Tchuenté, L.A., Romuald, I.K.N., Sumo, L., Ngassam, P., et al. (2012) Mapping of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in the Regions of Centre, East and West Cameroon. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 6, e1553.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0001553
[17]
Phiri, K., Graham, C.J. and Ssembatya-Lule, G. (2000) Urban/Rural Differences in Prevalence and Risk Factors for Intestinal Helminth Infection in Southern Malawi. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology, 94, 381-387.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00034983.2000.11813553
[18]
Baker, J.M., Trinies, V., Bronzan, R., Dorkenoo, A.M., Garn, J.V., Sognikin, S., et al. (2018) The Associations between Water and Sanitation and Hookworm Infection Using Cross-Sectional Data from Togo’s National Deworming Program. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12, e0006374. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006374
[19]
Dada, E.O. (2016) Prevalence of Human Intestinal Helminthes among Primary School Children in Ipogun, Ifedore Local Government Area Nigeria. Journal of Global Biosciences, 5, 3401-3407.
[20]
N’diaye, D., N’diaye, M., Gueye, P.A.L., Badiane, A., et al. (2013) Prévalence des helminthoses digestives diagnostiquées à l’hôpital le Dantec de Dakar, Sénégal. Médecine et Santé Tropicale, 23, 35-38. https://doi.org/10.1684/mst.2013.0141
[21]
Gebretsedik, G. (2016) Prevalence of Intestinal Parasite Associated Risk Factors among School Children of Homesha District (Worda) in Benishagul-Gumuz Regional State Western Ethiopian. Journal of Family Medicine and Health Care, 2, 57-64. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jfmhc.20160204.16
[22]
Ministère de la santé (2008) Rapport du projet pilote du traitement intégré contre les Maladies Tropicales Négligées dans le district de la Binah au Togo.
[23]
Ibikounlé, M., Gbédjissi, G.L., Ogouyémi-Hounto, A., Batcho, W., et al. (2014) Schistosomose et géohelminthose dans le Nord-Est du Bénin: Cas des écoliers des communes de Nikki et de Pèrèrè. Bulletin de la Société de Parasitologie exotique, 107, 171-176. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13149-014-0344-y
[24]
Yapi, B., Chammartin, F., Hürlimann, E., Houngbedji, C.A., N’Dri, P.B., Silué, K.D., et al. (2016) Bayesian Risk Profiling of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections and Estimates of Preventive Chemotherapy for School-Aged Children in Côte d’Ivoire. Parasites & Vectors, 9, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-016-1446-0
[25]
Sacolo-Gwebu, H., Chimbari, M. and Kalinda, C. (2019) Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminthiases among Preschool Aged Children (1-5 Years) in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: A Cross-Sectional Study. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 8, 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-019-0561-5
[26]
Rujeni, N., Morona, D., Ruberanziza, E. and Mazigo, H.D. (2017) Schistosomiasis and Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis in Rwanda: An Update on Their Epidemiology and Control. Infect Diseases of Poverty, 6, 8-12.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40249-016-0212-z
[27]
Cheikhrouhou, F., Trabelsi, H., Sellami, H., Makni, F. and Ayadi, A. (2009) Digestive Parasites in Sfax (South of Tunisia): A Retrospective Study. Revue Tunisienne d’infectiologie, 3, 14-18.
[28]
Elqaj, M., Belghyti, D., Ahami, A., Loutfi, H., Elkharrim, K. and Taboz, Y. (2009) Prévalence des parasitoses intestinales chez les écoliers en milieu rural à Kénitra, Maroc. World Journal of Biological Research, 2, 1-6.
http://www.wjbr.interscholar.org
[29]
Ghenghesh, K.S., Ghanghish, K., Ben Darif, E.T., Shembesh, K. and Franka, E. (2016) Prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, and Cryptosporidium spp. in Libya: 2000-2015. Libyan Journal of Medicine, 11, e32088.
https://doi.org/10.3402/ljm.v11.32088
[30]
Ouattara, M., N’Guessan, N.A., Yapi, A. and N’Goran, A.K. (2010) Prevalence and Spatial Distribution of Entamoeba histolytica/Dispar and Giardia lamblia among Schoolchildren in Agboville Area (Cote d’Ivoire). PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 4, e574. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000574
[31]
Samie, A., Mahlaule, L., Mbati, P., Nozaki, T. and ElBakri, A. (2020) Prevalence and Distribution of Entamoeba Species in a Rural Community in Northern South Africa. Food and Waterborne Parasitology, 18, e00076.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fawpar.2020.e00076
