Adsorption Isotherm, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Modelling of Bacillus subtilis ATCC13952 Mediated Adsorption of Arsenic in Groundwaters of Selected Gold Mining Communities in the Wassa West Municipality of the Western Region of Ghana
This study investigated Bacillus subtilis ATCC13952 as an adsorbent for arsenic in groundwater. Batch experiments were used to determine the effect of contact time, adsorbent dose, arsenic (III) concentration, pH, and temperature on the process. The percentage of arsenic (III) removed was high at a contact time of four days, 3.0 mL of Bacillus subtilis ATCC13952, pH 8 and temperature of 35°C. The kinetics of the process showed the Elovich kinetics model as the best fit for the process. This indicates that arsenic removal was by chemisorption. The analysis of the nonlinear equilibrium isotherms and the error functions showed the Langmuir isotherm as best fit for the process. Mechanistic study of the process indicated bulk diffusion to be the rate-determining step. Thermodynamically, the process was favourable, spontaneous and feasible. When the community water samples were treated with the Bacillus subtilis ATCC13952 at the optimum contact time, adsorbent dose, pH and temperature, 99.96% - 99.97% of arsenic was removed across all sampling points within the studied communities. Hence, the results show that Bacillus subtilis ATCC13952 is an efficient adsorbent for arsenic in aqueous systems and the organism appears to hold the key to purging the environment of arsenic contamination.
References
[1]
Bano, Y.J.A.A.S. (2020) The Critical Link between Knowledge Management and Succession Management at Higher Education Institutions. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3588158
[2]
Danso, F. (2020) Mineral Resource Governance and Human Development in Ghana. Routledge, London. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003005537
[3]
Duncan, A.E. (2020) The Dangerous Couple: Illegal Mining and Water Pollution—A Case Study in Fena River in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Journal of Chemistry, 2020, Article ID: 2378560. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2378560
[4]
Antwi-Boateng, O. and Akudugu, M.A. (2020) Golden Migrants: The Rise and Impact of Illegal Chinese Small-Scale Mining in Ghana. Politics & Policy, 48, 135-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12342
[5]
Worlanyo, A.S. and Li, J.F. (2020) Evaluating the Environmental and Economic Impact of Mining for Post-Mined Land Restoration and Land-Use: A Review. Journal of Environmental Management, 279, Article ID: 111623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111623
[6]
Mantey, J., et al. (2020) Influence of Illegal Artisanal Small-Scale gold Mining Operations (Galamsey) on Oil and Grease (O/G) Concentrations in Three Hotspot Assemblies of Western Region, Ghana. Environmental Pollution, 263, Article ID: 114251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114251
[7]
He, X., et al. (2020) Groundwater Arsenic and Fluoride and Associated Arsenicosis and Fluorosis in China: Occurrence, Distribution and Management. Exposure and Health, 12, 355-368.
[8]
Raghu, H.V., Parkunan, T. and Kumar, N. (2020) Application of Nanobiosensors for Food Safety Monitoring. In: Environmental Nanotechnology, Volume 4, Springer, Berlin, 93-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26668-4_3
[9]
Dhaif-Allah, M.A.H., et al. (2020) Kinetic and Isotherm Modeling for Acid Blue 113 Dye Adsorption onto Low-Cost Nutraceutical Industrial Fenugreek Seed Spent. Applied Water Science, 10, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-1141-3
[10]
Al-Ghouti, M.A. and Da’ana, D.A. (2020) Guidelines for the Use and Interpretation of Adsorption Isotherm Models: A Review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 393, Article ID: 122383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122383
[11]
Gusain, R., Kumar, N. and Ray, S.S. (2020) Recent Advances in Carbon Nanomaterial-Based Adsorbents for Water Purification. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 405, Article ID: 213111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccr.2019.213111
[12]
Ganguly, P., Sarkhel, R. and Das, P. (2020) Synthesis of Pyrolyzed Biochar and Its Application for Dye Removal: Batch, Kinetic and Isotherm with Linear and Non-Linear Mathematical Analysis. Surfaces and Interfaces, 20, Article ID: 100616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100616
[13]
Ngeno, E.C., et al. (2019) Caffeine and Ciprofloxacin Adsorption from Water onto Clinoptilolite: Linear Isotherms, Kinetics, Thermodynamic and Mechanistic Studies. South African Journal of Chemistry, 72, 136-142. https://doi.org/10.17159/0379-4350/2019/v72a17
[14]
Okpara, O.G., et al. (2020) Optimum Isotherm by Linear and Nonlinear Regression Methods for Lead (II) Ions Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions Using Synthesized Coconut Shell-Activated Carbon (SCSAC). Toxin Reviews, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/15569543.2020.1802596
[15]
Umar, A. (2020) Adsorption of Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solution Using Chitin and Polystyrene-Modified Chitin: Kinetics and Isotherm Studies. ChemSearch Journal, 11, 99-109.
[16]
Chakraborty, P., et al. (2019) Linearity and Non-Linearity Analysis of Isotherms and Kinetics for Ibuprofen Remotion Using Superheated Steam and Acid Modified Biochar. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 126, 193-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2019.04.011
[17]
Choi, H.Y., et al. (2020) Thiol-Functionalized Cellulose Nanofiber Membranes for the Effective Adsorption of Heavy Metal Ions in Water. Carbohydrate Polymers, 234, Article ID: 115881. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115881
[18]
de Luna, M.D.G., et al. (2019) Applicability of Composite Silica-Divinylbenzene in Bioethanol Dehydration: Equilibrium, Kinetic, Thermodynamic, and Regeneration Analysis. Energy & Fuels, 33, 7347-7356. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.9b00161
[19]
Saigl, Z.M. and Ahmed, A.M. (2020) Separation of Rhodamine B Dye from Aqueous Media Using Natural Pomegranate Peels. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 21, 212-224. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.58592
[20]
Kumar, K.V., et al. (2019) Characterization of the Adsorption Site Energies and Heterogeneous Surfaces of Porous Materials. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 7, 10104-10137. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9TA00287A
[21]
El Fargani, H., et al. (2017) Removal of Anionic Dyes by Silica-Chitosan Composite in Single and Binary Systems: Valorization of Shrimp Co-Product “Crangon-Crangon” and “Pandalus Borealis”. Journal of Materials, 8, 724-739.
[22]
Ayawei, N., Ebelegi, A.N. and Wankasi, D. (2017) Modelling and Interpretation of adsorption Isotherms. Journal of Chemistry, 2017, Article ID: 3039817. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3039817
[23]
Terangpi, P. (2018) Evaluation of Aniline Formaldehyde Condensate Polymer in Two Different Forms for Heavy Metals and Anionic Dyes Adsorption from Wastewater.
[24]
Subbaiah, M.V. and Kim, D.-S. (2016) Adsorption of Methyl Orange from Aqueous Solution by Aminated Pumpkin Seed Powder: Kinetics, Isotherms, and Thermodynamic Studies. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 128, 109-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.02.016
[25]
Contreras-Contreras, J.A., et al. (2020) Polyphenols from Sugarcane Vinasses, Quantification, and Removal Using Activated Carbon after Biochemical Treatment in Laboratory-Scale Thermophilic Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactors. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 231, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04733-5
[26]
Amrhar, O., Nassali, H. and Elyoubi, M.S. (2015) Adsorption of a Cationic Dye, Methylene Blue, onto Moroccan Illitic Clay. Journal of Material and Environmental Science, 6, 3054-3065.
[27]
Ullah, S., et al. (2020) Synthesis and Characterization of Mesoporous MOF UMCM-1 for CO2/CH4 Adsorption; an Experimental, Isotherm Modeling and Thermodynamic Study. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 294, Article ID: 109844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.109844
[28]
Kua, T.L., et al. (2020) Aquatic Plant, Ipomoea Aquatica, as a Potential Low-Cost Adsorbent for the Effective Removal of Toxic Methyl Violet 2B Dye. Applied Water Science, 10, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01326-9
[29]
Otheman, A., Hakima, N. and Mohamed, S.E. (2015) Two and Three-Parameter Isothermal Modeling for Adsorption of Crystal Violet Dye onto Natural Illitic Clay: Nonlinear Regression Analysis. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 7, 892-903.
[30]
Khandelwal, A., et al. (2020) Linear and Nonlinear Isotherm Models and Error Analysis for the Sorption of Kresoxim-Methyl in Agricultural Soils of India. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 104, 503-510.
[31]
Amini, E. and Ebadian, A. (2020) Numerical Solution and Error Analysis for Linear and Nonlinear Delay Differential Equations. Journal of New Researches in Mathematics, 6, 83-98.
[32]
Jasper, E.E., Ajibola, V.O. and Onwuka, J.C. (2020) Nonlinear Regression Analysis of the Sorption of Crystal Violet and Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions onto an Agro-Waste Derived Activated Carbon. Applied Water Science, 10, Article No. 132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01218-y
[33]
Outram, J.G., et al. (2020) Application of Non-Linear Regression Analysis and Statistical Testing to Equilibrium Isotherms: Building an Excel Template and Interpretation. Separation and Purification Technology, 258, Article ID: 118005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118005
[34]
Alkurdi, S.S.A., et al. (2020) Inorganic Arsenic Species Removal from Water Using Bone Char: A Detailed Study on Adsorption Kinetic and Isotherm Models Using Error Functions Analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 405, Article ID: 124112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124112
[35]
Benmessaoud, A., et al. (2020) A Comparative Study of the Linear and Non-Linear Methods for Determination of the Optimum Equilibrium Isotherm for Adsorption of Pb2+ Ions onto Algerian Treated Clay. Iranian Journal Chemical Engineering Research, 39, 74-82.
[36]
Paluri, P., Ahmad, K.A. and Durbha, K.S. (2020) Importance of Estimation of Optimum Isotherm Model Parameters for Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto Biomass Derived Activated Carbons: Comparison between Linear and Non-Linear Methods. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00867-y
[37]
Hashem, A., et al. (2020) Adsorption of Pb(II) Ions from Contaminated Water by 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic Acid-Modified Microcrystalline Cellulose: Isotherms, Kinetics, and Thermodynamic Studies. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 164, 3193-3203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.159
[38]
de Oliveira, P.V., et al. (2020) Adsorption of 17 β-Estradiol in Graphene Oxide through the Competing Methanol Co-Solvent: Experimental and Computational Analysis. Journal of Molecular Liquids, Article ID: 114738. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114738
[39]
Lobo-Recio, M.á., et al. (2020) Highly Efficient Removal of Aluminum, Iron, and Manganese IONS Using Linde Type-A Zeolite Obtained from Hazardous Waste. Chemosphere, 267, Article ID: 128919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128919
[40]
Abbas, M. (2020) Modeling of Adsorption Isotherms of Heavy Metals onto Apricot Stone Activated Carbon: Two-Parameter Models and Equations Allowing Determination of Thermodynamic Parameters. Materials Today: Proceedings, 43, 3359-3364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.05.320
[41]
Holmquist, B., Sjöström, A. and Nasrin, S. (2020) Approximating Noncentral Chi-Squared to the Moments and Distribution of the Likelihood Ratio Statistic for Multinomial Goodness of Fit. In: Recent Developments in Multivariate and Random Matrix Analysis, Springer, Berlin, 175-198. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-56773-6_11
[42]
Oyetade, O.A., et al. (2017) Experimental and DFT Studies on the Selective Adsorption of Pb2+ and Zn2+ from Aqueous Solution by Nitrogen-Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Separation and Purification Technology, 188, 174-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.07.022
[43]
Hadi, M., Mckay, G. and Mohamed, R.S. (2010) Equilibrium Two Parameter Isotherms of Acid Dyes Sorption by Activated Carbons: Study of Residual Errors. Journal of Chemical Engineering, 160, 408-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2010.03.016
[44]
Aniagor, C.O. and Menkiti, M.C. (2020) Relational Description of an Adsorption System Based on Isotherm, Adsorption Density, Adsorption Potential, Hopping Number and Surface Coverage. Sigma: Journal of Engineering & Natural Sciences/ Mühendislik ve Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 38, 1073-1098.
[45]
Anderson, R., Biong, A. and Gómez-Gualdrón, D.A. (2020) Adsorption Isotherm Predictions for Multiple Molecules in MOFs Using the Same Deep Learning Model. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 16, 1271-1283. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00940
[46]
Piccin, J.S., et al. (2017) Adsorption Isotherms in Liquid Phase: Experimental, Modeling, and Interpretations. In: Adsorption Processes for Water Treatment and Purification, Springer, Berlin, 19-51. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58136-1_2
[47]
Ghosh, S., et al. (2020) Molecular and Taxonomic Characterization of Arsenic (As) Transforming Bacillus sp. Strain IIIJ3-1 Isolated from As-Contaminated Groundwater of Brahmaputra River Basin, India. BMC Microbiology, 20, 256. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12866-020-01893-6
[48]
Nthunya, L.N. (2016) Electrospun Antibacterial Cyclodextrin and Chitosan Based Nanocomposite Filtration Materials for Use in Drinking Water Purification.
[49]
Ayalew, M. (2020) Removal of Arsenic from Paint Industries Waste Water by Chemically Modified Low Cost Adsorbent Derived from Sugarcane Bagasse. https://doi.org/10.29294/IJASE.6.3.2020.1390-1398
[50]
Asare, E.A., et al. (2018) Utilization of Bacillus thuringiensis MC28 as a Biosorbent for Mercury in Groundwaters from Some Selected Gold Mining Communities in the Wassa West District of the Western Region of Ghana. Environmental Nanotechnology, Monitoring & Management, 9, 95-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2017.12.005
[51]
Manjula, S., et al. (2019) Molecular Identification of Gut Microflora of Bacillus coagulans Supplemented Feed Fed Macrobrachium rosenbergii Post-Larvae Using 16S rRNA. The International Journal of Biotechnology, 8, 19-37. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.57.2019.81.19.37
[52]
Subramanyam, B. and Das, A. (2009) Linearized and Non-Linearized Isotherm Models Comparative Study on Adsorption of Aqueous Phenol Solution in Soil. Internal Journal of Environmental Science Technology, 6, 633-640. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03326104
[53]
Ruiz, C.G. (2006) Mercury(II) Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Nonviable Bacillus sp. from a Tropical Estuary. Bioresource Technology, 97, 1907-1911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.08.014
[54]
Mohamed, E., et al. (2015) Isotherm, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies for the Sorption of Mercury(II) onto Activated Carbon from Rosmarinus officinalis Leaves. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 6, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajac.2015.61001
[55]
Gandhi, N., et al. (2012) Adsorption Studies of Fluoride on Multani Matti and Red Soil. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 2, 2-37.
[56]
Stephen, I. and Sulochana, N. (2002) Basic Lead Adsorption on a Low Cost Carbonaceous Sorbent, Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies. Indian Journal of Chemical Technology, 9, 201-208.
[57]
Mehdi, M.S. and Behnamfard, A. (2011) Modeling of Equilibrium Data for Free Cyanide Adsorption onto Activated Carbon by Linear and Non-Linear Regression Methods. International Conference on Environment and Industrial Innovation, 12, 79-84.
[58]
Shen, X., et al. (2009) Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Sorption of Nitroaromatic Compounds to As-Grown and Oxidized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 330, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2008.10.023
[59]
Alagumuthu, G. and Rajan, M. (2010) Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies on Fluoride Removal by Zirconium(IV)-Impregnanted Ground Nutshell Carbon. Hemijska Industrija, 64, 295-304. https://doi.org/10.2298/HEMIND100307017A
[60]
Nuhuglu, Y. and Oguz, A. (2003) Removal of Copper(II) from Aqueous Solution by Biosorption on the Cone Biomass of Thuja orientalis. Process Biochemistry, 38, 627-1631. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0032-9592(03)00055-4
[61]
Hoong, C.K., et al. (2011) Biosorption Parameter Estimation with Genetic Algorithm. Water, 3, 177-195. https://doi.org/10.3390/w3010177
[62]
Hameed, B.H., Mahmoud, D.K. and Ahmad, A.L. (2008) Equilibrium Modeling and Kinetic Studies on the Adsorption of Basic Dye by a Low-Cost Adsorbent: Coconut (Cocos nucifera) Bunch Waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 158, 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.01.034
[63]
Igwe, J.C., Abia, A.A. and Sonde, C.U. (2011) Pseudo Kinetics and Intraparticle Diffusion Models for Sorption of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) Ions onto Maize Cob. ABSU Journal of Environment, Science and Technology, 1, 25-36.
[64]
Zheng, H., et al. (2008) Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies on the Sorption of 4-Hydroxyphenol on Cr-Bentonite. Journal of Chemical Engineering, 143, 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2007.12.022
[65]
Saltali, K., Sari, A. and Aydin, M. (2007) Removal of Ammonium Ion from Aqueous Solution by Natural Turkish (Yildizeli) Zeolite for Environmental Quality. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 141, 258-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.124
[66]
Foo, K.Y. and Hameed, B.H. (2010) Insights into the Modeling of Adsorption Isotherm Systems. Journal of Chemical Engineering, 156, 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.09.013
[67]
Febriantoa, J., et al. (2009) Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies in Adsorption of Heavy Metals Using Biosorbent: A Summary of Recent Studies. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162, 616-645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.042
[68]
Apiratikul, R. and Pavasant, P. (2008) Batch and Column Studies of Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Caulerpa lentillifera. Bioresource Technology, 99, 2766-2777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.036
[69]
Basha, S., Murthy, Z.V.P. and Jha, B. (2008) Sorption of Hg(II) from Aqueous Solutions onto Carica papaya: Application of Isotherms. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 47, 980-986. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie071210o
[70]
Senthilkumar, R., et al. (2007) Application of Seaweeds for the Removal of Lead from Aqueous Solution. Journal of Biochemical Engineering, 33, 211-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2006.10.020
[71]
Vijayaraghavan, K., et al. (2006) Biosorption of Nickel(II) Ions onto Sargassum wightii: Application of Two-Parameter and Three-Parameter Isotherm Models. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 133, 304-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.10.016
[72]
Hong, Z., et al. (2009) Sorption Isotherm and Kinetic Modeling of Aniline on Cr-Bentonite. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167, 141-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.12.093
[73]
Ismail, T. (2012) Ammonium Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Clinoptilolite: Determination of Isotherm and Thermodynamic Parameters and Comparison of Kinetics by the Double Exponential Model and Conventional Kinetic Models. International Journal of Environmental Research of Public Health, 9, 970-984. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9030970
[74]
Green, R.C., Rodriguez, T.V. and Gomez, G.B. (2008) Cadmium and Zinc Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Bacillus jeotgali: pH, Salinity and Temperature Effects. Bioresource Technology, 99, 3864-3870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.06.047
[75]
Ho, Y.A.E. and Ofomaja, B. (2006) Biosorption Thermodynamics of Cadmium on Coconut Copra Meal as Biosorbent. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 30, 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2006.02.012
[76]
Dursun, A.Y. (2006) A Comparative Study on Determination of the Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters of Biosorption of Copper(II) and Lead(II) Ions onto Pretreated Aspergillus niger. Journal of Biochemical Engineering, 28, 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2005.11.003
[77]
Padmavathy, V. (2008) Biosorption of Nickel(II) Ions by Baker’s Yeast: Kinetic, Thermodynamic and Desorption Studies. Bioresource Technology, 99, 3100-3109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.05.070
[78]
Shroff, K.A. and Vaidya, V.K. (2012) Effect of Pre-Treatments on the Biosorption of Chromium(VI) Ions by Dead Biomass of Rhizopus arrhizus. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 87, 294-304. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2715
[79]
Tripathi, M., Mishra, S.S. and Tripathi, V.R. (2011) Predictive Approach for Simultaneous Biosorption of Hexavalent Chromium and Pentachlorophenol Degradation by Bacillus cereus RMLAU1. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 6052-6061.
[80]
Mohammad, O., Mohammad, S.K. and Almas, Z. (2013) Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Bacillus thuringiensis Strain OSM29 Originating from Industrial Effluent Contaminated North Indian Soil. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 1, 121-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.11.006
[81]
ChinWua, F., Tsengb, R.L. and Juang, R.S. (2009) Characteristics of Elovich Equation Used for the Analysis of Adsorption Kinetics in Dye-Chitosan Systems. Chemical Engineering, 150, 366-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2009.01.014
[82]
Μαντζωρου, Μ. and Μαστρογιαννησ, Δ. (2015) The Value and Significance of Knowing the Patient for Professional Practice, According to the Carper’s Patterns of Knowing.
[83]
Ajaelu, C.J.I., Oluwafunke, L.A. and Olafisoye, O.V. (2011) Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of the Biosorption of Heavy Metal (Cadmium) on Cassia Siamea Bark. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research, 6, 123-130.
[84]
Bulgariu, D. and Bulgariu, L. (2012) Equilibrium and Kinetics Studies of Heavy Metal Ions Biosorption on Green Algae Waste Biomass. Bioresource Technology, 103, 489-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.016
[85]
Parimalam, R., Raj, V. and Sivakumar, P. (2011) Adsorption Isotherms, Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Desorption Studies of Reactive Organge 16 on Activated Carbon Derived from Ananas comosus (L) Carbon. Engineering and Applied Sciences, 6, 15-26.
[86]
Okewale, A.O., Babayemi, K.A. and Olalekan, A.P. (2013) Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics Models of Starchy Adsorbents on Uptake of Water from Ethanol— Water Systems. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 3, 35-42.
[87]
Tsibranska, E.H. (2010) Comparison of Different Kinetic Models for the Adsorption of Heavy Metals onto Activated Carbon from Apricot Stones. Belgarian Chemical Communication, 3, 320-371.
[88]
Zhou, M., et al. (2007) Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Cr(VI) Biosorption by Dead Bacillus licheniformis Biomass. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 23, 43-48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-006-9191-8
[89]
Soude, C. (2011) Pseudo-Kinetic and Intraparticle Diffusion Models for Sorption of Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) Ions onto Maize Cob. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 1, 509-512.
[90]
Adriano, O.H., et al. (1998) Control of Cell Shape and Elongation by the Rod A Gene in Bacillus subtilis. Molecular Microbiology, 28, 235-247. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.1998.00766.x
[91]
Sukhada, S. and Varsha, K.V. (2016) Elucidation of Sorption Mechanism of R. arrhizus for Reactive Blue 222 Using Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies. Journal of Microbial and Biochemical Technology, 8, 236-246. https://doi.org/10.4172/1948-5948.1000292
[92]
Westphal, A.J., et al. (2003) Kinetics of Size Changes of Individual Bacillus thuringiensis Spores in Response to Changes in Relative Humidity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 100, 3461-3466. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.232710999
[93]
Tan, I.A.W. and Hamed, B.H. (2010) Adsorption Isothers, Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Desorption of Activated Carbon Derived from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch. Journal of Applied Science, 10, 2565-2571. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2010.2565.2571
[94]
Mohanty, K., et al. (2005) Removal of Cr (VI) from Dilute Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon Developed from Terminalia arjuna Nuts Activated with ZnCl2. Chemical Engineering Science, 60, 3049-3059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2004.12.049
[95]
Nethaji, S., Sivasamy, A. and Mandal, A.B. (2013) Adsorption Isotherms, Kinetics and Mechanism for the Adsorption of Cationic and Anionic Dyes onto Carbonaceous Particles Prepared from Juglans regia Shell Biomass. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 10, 231-242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-012-0112-0
[96]
Azraa, A., et al. (2012) Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies on the Adsorption of Direct Dye onto a Novel Green Adsorbent Developed from Uncaria Gambir Extract. Journal of Physical Science, 23, 1-13.
[97]
Rounak, M.S. (2011) Thermodynamic Adsorption-Desorption of Metolachlor and 2,4-D on Agricultural Soils. International Journal of Chemistry, 3, 34-146. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v3n4p134
[98]
Elouear, Z., et al. (2008) Heavy Metals Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Activated Phosphate Rock. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 156, 412-420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.12.036
[99]
Ilkunur, S. and Hanife, B. (2013) Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies on the Biosorption of 2-Chlorophenol and 4-Chlorophenol by Live Aspergillus niger. Ekoloji, 22, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.5053/ekoloji.2013.881
[100]
Mall, I.D., et al. (2005) Adsorptive Removal of Malachite Green Dye from Aqueous Solution by Bagasse Fly Ash and Activated Carbon-Kinetic Study and Equilibrium Isotherm Analyses: Colloids Surface Adsorption. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 264, 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2005.03.027
[101]
Onal, Y., et al. (2006) Removal of Malachite Green Using Carbon-Based Adsorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials B, 128, 150-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.07.055
[102]
Panida, S. and Pisit, C. (2010) Equilibrium Isotherm, Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Lead Adsorption onto Pineapple and Paper Waste Sludges. International Journal of Energy and Environment, 4, 88-97.
[103]
Salman, J.M., Al-Saad, K.A. and Abbas, N.A. (2012) Adsorption of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid onto Data Seeds Activated Carbon: Equilibrium, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies. International Journal of Chemical Science, 10, 677-690.
